Table 3.
Meta-analyses of athlete-control comparisons for left ventricular strain and twist mechanics
| Parameter | Number of studies | d | 95% CI | p value | Heterogeneity | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cochran’s Q | I 2 statistic (%) | ||||||
| Global longitudinal strain | |||||||
| Overall | 14 | 0.04 | –0.25 to 0.33 | 0.80 | 39.75 | 67.30 | <0.001 |
| Mitchell classification | |||||||
| A3 | 3 | –0.34 | –1.13 to 0.45 | 0.40 | 7.29 | 72.58 | 0.03 |
| B3 | 1 | 0.33 | –0.58 to 1.24 | 0.48 | – | – | – |
| C1 | 3 | 0.32 | –0.67 to 1.30 | 0.53 | 12.24 | 83.66 | 0.002 |
| C2 | 2 | –0.16 | –0.76 to 0.44 | 0.61 | 3.84 | 73.93 | 0.05 |
| C3 | 5 | 0.17 | –0.21 to 0.55 | 0.38 | 6.16 | 35.03 | 0.19 |
| Between | – | – | – | – | 10.23 | – | 0.04 |
| Athlete and trainin g level | |||||||
| Endurancecompetitive | 4 | –0.13 | –0.60 to 0.35 | 0.61 | 8.58 | 65.05 | 0.04 |
| Enduranceelite | 6 | 0.29 | –0.14 to 0.72 | 0.18 | 12.91 | 61.26 | 0.02 |
| Resistancecompetitive | 4 | –0.20 | –0.86 to 0.47 | 0.56 | 9.24 | 67.53 | 0.03 |
| Between | – | – | – | – | 9.03 | – | 0.01 |
| Global circumferential strain | |||||||
| Overall | 7 | 0.24 | –0.07 to 0.54 | 0.12 | 7.96 | 24.60 | 0.24 |
| Mitchell classification | |||||||
| A3 | 2 | 0.39 | –0.09 to 0.87 | 0.11 | 0.62 | 0.00 | 0.43 |
| B3 | 1 | 1.03 | 0.08 to 1.99 | 0.04 | – | – | – |
| C1 | 2 | 0.29 | –0.29 to 0.87 | 0.33 | 1.27 | 21.03 | 0.26 |
| C3 | 2 | –0.13 | –0.56 to 0.30 | 0.56 | 0.17 | 0.00 | 0.68 |
| Between | – | – | – | – | 5.90 | – | 0.12 |
| Athlete and training level | |||||||
| Endurancecompetitive | 2 | 0.15 | –0.59 to 0.89 | 0.67 | 2.76 | 63.77 | 0.10 |
| Enduranceelite | 2 | –0.04 | –0.53 to 0.44 | 0.86 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.97 |
| Resistancecompetitive | 3 | 0.52 | 0.09 to 0.95 | 0.02 | 2.01 | 0.57 | 0.37 |
| Between | – | – | – | – | 3.19 | – | 0.20 |
| Apical circumferential strain | |||||||
| Overall | 7 | 0.29 | –0.02 to 0.59 | 0.06 | 10.89 | 44.91 | 0.09 |
| Mitchell classification | |||||||
| A3 | 1 | 0.14 | –0.63 to 0.90 | 0.73 | – | – | – |
| C2 | 2 | 0.22 | –0.14 to 0.59 | 0.23 | 1.60 | 37.41 | 0.21 |
| C3 | 4 | 0.37 | –0.24 to 0.99 | 0.23 | 8.78 | 65.82 | 0.03 |
| Between | – | – | – | – | 0.52 | – | 0.77 |
| Athlete and training level | |||||||
| Endurancecompetitive | 2 | 0.10 | –0.16 to 0.35 | 0.46 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.90 |
| Enduranceelite | 4 | 0.47 | –0.07 to 1.01 | 0.09 | 8.41 | 64.31 | 0.04 |
| Resistancecompetitive | 1 | 0.14 | –0.63 to 0.90 | 0.73 | – | – | – |
| Between | – | – | – | – | 2.47 | – | 0.29 |
| Basal circumferential strain | |||||||
| Overall | 7 | –0.05 | –0.27 to 0.18 | 0.68 | 6.92 | 13.35 | 0.33 |
| Mitchell classification | |||||||
| A3 | 1 | –0.08 | –0.84 to 0.69 | 0.84 | – | – | – |
| C2 | 2 | –0.10 | –0.58 to 0.38 | 0.68 | 2.53 | 60.47 | 0.11 |
| C3 | 4 | 0.13 | –0.22 to 0.48 | 0.47 | 2.14 | 0.00 | 0.54 |
| Between | – | – | – | – | 2.25 | – | 0.32 |
| Athlete and training level | |||||||
| Endurancecompetitive | 2 | –0.27 | –0.53 to –0.01 | 0.04 | 0.26 | 0.00 | 0.61 |
| Enduranceelite | 4 | 0.18 | –0.14 to 0.50 | 0.26 | 1.95 | 0.00 | 0.58 |
| Resistancecompetitive | 1 | –0.08 | –0.84 to 0.69 | 0.84 | – | – | – |
| Between | – | – | – | – | 4.72 | – | 0.10 |
| Global radial strain | |||||||
| Overall | 9 | 0.13 | –0.11 to 0.36 | 0.29 | 6.97 | 0.00 | 0.54 |
| Mitchell classification | |||||||
| A3 | 2 | 0.04 | –0.44 to 0.51 | 0.89 | 0.24 | 0.00 | 0.62 |
| B3 | 1 | –0.01 | –0.92 to 0.89 | 0.98 | – | – | – |
| C1 | 2 | 0.25 | –0.26 to 0.76 | 0.34 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.86 |
| C3 | 4 | 0.09 | –0.40 to 0.58 | 0.71 | 6.24 | 51.91 | 0.10 |
| Between | 9 | – | – | – | 0.46 | – | 0.93 |
| Athlete and training level | |||||||
| Endurancecompetitive | 3 | 0.08 | –0.59 to 0.75 | 0.82 | 5.40 | 62.98 | 0.07 |
| Enduranceelite | 3 | 0.17 | –0.22 to 0.56 | 0.38 | 0.99 | 0.00 | 0.61 |
| Resistancecompetitive | 3 | 0.02 | –0.39 to 0.44 | 0.91 | 0.25 | 0.00 | 0.88 |
| Between | – | – | – | – | 0.32 | – | 0.85 |
| Basal rotation | |||||||
| Overall | 14 | 0.22 | –0.06 to 0.51 | 0.13 | 40.17 | 67.63 | <0.001 |
| Mitchell classification | |||||||
| A3 | 3 | 0.08 | –0.54 to 0.69 | 0.81 | 4.55 | 56.04 | 0.10 |
| C1 | 2 | 0.75 | –1.65 to 3.15 | 0.54 | 17.32 | 94.23 | <0.001 |
| C2 | 2 | –0.04 | –0.64 to 0.57 | 0.91 | 3.84 | 73.95 | 0.05 |
| C3 | 5 | 0.18 | –0.29 to 0.65 | 0.45 | 8.99 | 55.53 | 0.06 |
| Between | – | – | – | – | 0.92 | – | 0.82 |
| Athlete and training level | |||||||
| Endurancecompetitive | 3 | 0.08 | –0.38 to 0.52 | 0.74 | 3.78 | 47.02 | 0.15 |
| Enduranceelite | 8 | 0.36 | –0.12 to 0.83 | 0.14 | 30.56 | 77.09 | <0.001 |
| Resistancecompetitive | 3 | 0.08 | –0.54 to 0.69 | 0.81 | 4.55 | 56.04 | 0.10 |
| Between | – | – | – | – | 1.28 | – | 0.53 |
| Apical rotation | |||||||
| Overall | 13 | 0.25 | –0.10 to 0.60 | 0.17 | 52.67 | 77.22 | <0.001 |
| Mitchell classification | |||||||
| A3 | 3 | –0.47 | –0.96 to 0.02 | 0.06 | 2.88 | 30.62 | 0.24 |
| C1 | 2 | 0.39 | –2.35 to 3.13 | 0.78 | 22.90 | 95.63 | <0.001 |
| C2 | 2 | 0.59 | 0.34 to 0.83 | <0.001 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.83 |
| C3 | 4 | 0.52 | 0.03 to 1.02 | 0.04 | 5.64 | 46.84 | 0.13 |
| Between | – | – | – | – | 21.16 | – | <0.001 |
| Athlete and training level | |||||||
| Endurancecompetitive | 3 | –0.06 | –1.06 to 0.94 | 0.91 | 17.43 | 88.52 | <0.001 |
| Enduranceelite | 7 | 0.64 | 0.27 to 1.00 | 0.001 | 13.71 | 56.24 | 0.03 |
| Resistancecompetitive | 3 | –0.47 | –0.96 to 0.02 | 0.06 | 2.88 | 30.62 | 0.24 |
| Between | – | – | – | – | 18.65 | – | <0.001 |
Bold values indicate statistical significance
A3 high static, low dynamic, B3 high static, moderate dynamic, C1 high dynamic, low static, C2 high dynamic, moderate static, C3 high dynamic, high static, CI confidence interval