Table 3.
Age-associated changes (coefficient, 95% CI)† in the ANT outcomes during the 1-year follow-up.
| Outcome | Age | p | Age2¶ | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ALERTING | ||||
| All | 4.65 (−1.26, 10.57) | 0.123 | −1.44 (−2.84, −0.04) | 0.043 |
| ORIENTING | ||||
| All | −1.47 (−2.96, 0.02) | 0.053 | – | |
| EXECUTIVE ATTENTION | ||||
| Boys | −17.30 (−23.96, −10.64) | <0.001 | 2.19 (0.61, 3.78) | 0.007 |
| Girls | −4.19 (−5.88, −2.50) | <0.001 | – | |
| No ADHD | −6.02 (−7.28, −4.77) | <0.001 | – | |
| ADHD-inattentive | −10.69 (−16.69, −4.68) | <0.001 | – | |
| ADHD-hyperactive-impulsive | −3.89 (−13.44, 5.64) | 0.423 | – | |
| ADHD-combined | −16.55 (−29.20, −3.91) | 0.010 | – | |
| HRT | ||||
| Boys | −154.37 (−168.26, −140.48) | <0.001 | 15.62 (12.36, 18.88) | <0.001 |
| Girls | −185.56 (−200.70, −170.43) | <0.001 | 19.37 (15.89, 22.84) | <0.001 |
| No ADHD | −171.15 (−182.01, −160.29) | <0.001 | 17.59 (15.06, 20.12) | <0.001 |
| ADHD-inattentive | −197.90 (−240.19, −155.61) | <0.001 | 22.16 (12.52, 31.80) | <0.001 |
| ADHD-hyperactive-impulsive | −58.24 (−80.30, −36.18) | <0.001 | – | |
| ADHD-combined | −79.96 (−104.23, −55.68) | <0.001 | – | |
| HRT-SE | ||||
| All | −62.26 (−69.44, −55.09) | <0.001 | 7.50 (5.82, 9.18) | <0.001 |
| VARIABILITY | ||||
| No ADHD | −2.93 (−3.86, −2.01) | <0.001 | – | |
| ADHD-inattentive | 1.24 (−2.12, 4.60) | 0.469 | – | |
| ADHD-hyperactive-impulsive | −8.83 (−15.65, −2.01) | 0.011 | – | |
| ADHD-combined | −6.88 (−13.28, −0.49) | 0.035 | – | |
CI, Confidence Interval, RT, Reaction Time, SE, Standard Error, ADHD, Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder.
†
Coefficients obtained from multilevel mixed-effects linear regression models including school, individual and age as nested random effects. Stratified results by gender and ADHD symptoms are provided when p-value for interaction ≤0.05.
¶
When the association with age was not linear, a quadratic function was fitted.
–No effect.
“All” refers to all children.