Table 2.

Comparisons between alcohol intervention and control conditions.^a

Characteristics			Intervention (n=97), n (%)	Control (n=115), n (%)
EDbclinician (MDc or RNd) counselinge
		MD or RN asked about alcohol use	62 (64)	80 (69.6)
		MD or RN counseled participant to quit	11 (11)	12 (10.4)
		Received educational materials	2 (2)	4 (3.5)
		Received an alcohol abuse referral	1 (1)	4 (3.7)
Outpatient alcohol abuse treatment
	Contact with alcohol abuse treatment provider
		GEEf odds ratio 1.04 (95% CI 0.45-2.40), P=.94
		Contact at 1 month	7 (7)	10 (8.7)
		Contact at 3 months	13 (13)	13 (11.3)
	Initiated treatment (evaluated by alcohol abuse treatment provider)
		GEE odds ratio 0.70 (95% CI 0.23-2.15), P=.53
		Treatment initiation at 1 month	3 (3)	7 (6.1)
		Treatment initiation at 3 months	6 (6)	8 (7.0)
	Treatment engagement at either time		3 (3)	8 (7.0)
	Treatment completion		3 (3)	7 (6.1)
Alcohol use behavior
	Used alcohol (since ED visit)
		GEE odds ratio 0.80 (95% CI 0.30-2.14), P=.66
		Abstinent for 1st month (since visit)	8 (8)	12 (10.4)
		Abstinent for 3 months (since visit)	3 (3)	4 (3.5)
		At least one quit attempt at 1 month	17 (18)	37 (32.2)
		At least one quit attempt at 3 months	30 (30)	58 (50.4)
		Attempted to reduce use at 1 month	25 (26)	45 (39.1)
		Attempted to reduce use at 3 months	33 (34)	57 (49.6)

^aAll percentages and analyses use the intention-to-treat principle of worst outcome for missing values.

^bED: emergency department.

^cMD: doctor of medicine.

^dRN: registered nurse.

^eED clinician behavior assessment included behaviors over and above the materials provided as part of the research study. All patients in both groups had alcohol assessed as part of the study and received a referral list. The control group received a preprinted list, whereas the intervention group received a personally tailored list, as well as a dynamic referral if desired.

^fGEE: generalized estimating equation.