Abstract
Objective:
To compare the intravenous Labetalol versus intravenous hydralazine in patients having severe Pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH) and pre eclampsia (PE) in pregnancy.
Methods:
Seventy eight women admitted in the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Civil Hospital Karachi, having severe PIH/PE and fulfilling the inclusion criteria were included in the study. Random selection of patients was performed using sealed opaqe envelop for administration of either intravenous noted (IV) Labetalol or Hydrallazine. The mean fall in the MAP in each group was noted. This data was analyzed by applying SPSS version 13. The study was conducted from November 2012 to April 2013.
Results:
The mean (±SD) age of the labetalol group was 27.46 (±5.28) years while that in the hydralazine group was 26.28 (±5.17) years. The mean fall in MAP observed in the labetalol group was 29.10 ± 7.21 mmHg and that in the hydralazine group was 25.05 ± 10.15 mmHg which was statistically significant with the p value being 0.046.
Conclusion:
Intra Venous labetalol lowered MAP more than hydralazine, when administered to pregnant females with severe Pregnancy induced hypertension and pre eclampsia in pregnancy.
Keywords: Hydralazine, Labetalol, Mean arterial pressures, Pregnancy induced hypertension
INTRODUCTION
Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy account for a leading cause of peripartum morbidity and mortality.1 The incidence of these disorders is 3-8% in developed countries.2,3 Incidence is 10-30 times among women of low socio economic status.4 The frequency was reported as 5.34% from Karachi5 and 3.2% from Lahore.6 These women are at higher risk of developing hypertension and its associated complications during pregnancy. Severe hypertension is a life threatening multisystem disease. A failure to treat hypertension promptly may result in placental abruption, eclampsia, HELLP syndrome pulmonary oedema and fetal demise.7,8 A prompt control of blood pressure is of crucial importance to prevent sequel of disease. In developing countries and certainly in the centre where study was conducted antenatal care is a neglected issue and is considered unnecessary. Frequently patients reach hospital or are referred in critical situation. In such instances a prompt treatment to deal with emergency is mandatory. Hence a parenteral drug appears to be a better choice.
Recent guidance from the National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence, UK, recommends inpatient treatment of severe hypertension of pregnancy with labetalol (oral or intravenous), intravenous hydralazine or oral nifedipine as first line alternative antihypertensives within the critical care setting. For many years hydralazine has been the antihypertensive of choice for women with severe hypertension in pregnancy. Its use was associated with adverse effects. Labetalol is also used to treat acute hypertension in pregnancy as a first line drug. Neonatal bradycardia was the most associated adverse effect of concern
The rationale of the study was to compare the impact of intravenous labetalol and intravenous hydralazine in pregnant patients with severe hypertension in terms of reduction of mean arterial pressure as there is no significant data available in Pakistan on this topic. The results of the study might help to identify a drug which would be expected to give better results to avert maternal and fetal complications.
METHODS
This comparative study was conducted in the department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Dow University of Health Sciences and Civil Hospital Karachi. To compare blood pressure lowering effect of labetalol and Hydralazine, two groups of women were identified, each group consisting of 39 women.
The sample size was calculated using formula n=2ZPQ/D. n=minimum sample size, Z=95% confidence interval using 1.96, P=prevalence of severe pre eclampsia 2, Q=1.0-p, D=degree of accuracy desired, usually set at 0.05, n=37 adding 5% attrition rate anticipated response rate 95%. The selected sample size was37/0.95= 38.9. Total of 39 women in each group were taken making a sample size of 78 was calculated.9
Non probability sampling technique was used for sample collection. Seventy eight women with pregnancy induced hypertension at a gestational age between 24-37 weeks with a Systolic Blood Pressure of >160mm and Diastolic Blood Pressure > 110 mm were considered fulfilling inclusion criteria and were recruited for study. Pregnant women with medical disorders, situations where these drugs were contra indicated, women with severe bradycardia, history of reaction to these drugs were excluded from the study.
Table-I.
Age distribution.
| Age Of patients (Years) | Labetalol Group | Hydralazine Group | Total | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n=39) | % | (n=39) | % | (n=78) | % | |
| 15-25 | 13 | 33.3 | 21 | 53.8 | 34 | 43.6 |
| 26-35 | 24 | 61.5 | 17 | 43.6 | 41 | 52.6 |
| >35 | 02 | 05.1 | 01 | 02.6 | 03 | 03.8 |
Overall Mean age (±S.D) = 26.87 (±5.22) Years.
Mean age (±S.D) (Labetalol) = 27.46 (±5.28) Year
Mean age (±S.D) (Hydralazine) = 26.28 (±5.17) Years.
Data collection procedure
Total 78 patients who were admitted in the Obstetrics and Gynecology Department Unit II of Civil Hospital Karachi, and fulfilled the inclusion criteria were enrolled in the study after taking informed consent. A detailed history was taken and the gestational age of the patient was calculated using date of last menstrual period. The patient’s blood pressure was then recorded. With patient sitting comfortably blood pressure was recorded using Mercury monometer. An appropriate cuff size was used. Reading of Systolic and Diastolic blood pressure were taken at Korat coff 1 and V respectively.
The patients were then randomly assigned to either of the two groups that is the Labetalol group or the Hydralazine group using sealed opaque envelope method. Once the group of the patient was assigned, an intravenous access was established using cannula of 18 gauge and medication was administered to each group.
Labetalol Group
In this group, 20mg intravenous slow bolus dose of labetalol was administered followed by 40mg if not effective within 20 minutes, followed by 80mg every 20 minutes to a maximum of three doses.
Hydralazine Group
In this group, 5mg of hydralazine as a slow bolus was given intravenously, and repeated every 20 minutes until the desired effect was achieved or maximum of three doses. All patients were monitored actively during the whole process including repeated blood pressure readings after every 15 minutes and the general status too was taken in account.
Table-II.
Parity Status.
| Parity | Labetalol | Hydralazine Group | Total | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n= 39) | % | (n= 39) | % | (n=78) | % | |
| <3 | 29 | 74.4 | 31 | 79.5 | 60 | 76.9 |
| >3 | 10 | 25.6 | 08 | 20.5 | 18 | 23.1 |
Overall Mean Parity (±S.D) = 1.94 (±1.95)
Mean Parity (±S.D) (labetalol) = 1.92(±1.82)
Mean Parity (±S.D) (Hydralazine) = 1.95 (±2.10)
Data were entered on a pre-designed performa. Confounding variables were controlled by excluding those patients who had specific contraindications to either labetalol or hydralazine, or had a known allergy to either of the two drugs. All patients who suffered from severe bradycardia were also excluded.
Table-III.
Gestational Age.
| Gestational age | Labetalol Group | Hydralazine Group | Total | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||
| (n=39) | % | (n=39) | % | (n=78) | % | |
| <31 weeks | 10 | 25.6 | 10 | 25.6 | 20 | 25.6 |
| >31 weeks | 29 | 74.4 | 29 | 74.4 | 58 | 74.4 |
Overall Mean Gestational Age (±S.D) =33.10 (±2.60) weeks
Mean Gestational Age (±S.D) (Labetalol) = 32.23 (±2.44) weeks
Mean Gestational Age (±S.D) (Hydralazine)=32.97 (±2.78) weeks
Data analysis
The software program SPSS for Windows version 13 (SPSS Incorporated, Chicago, Illinois, USA) was utilized for all statistical analyses. Frequencies and percentages were used to summarize age, parity, and gestational age. Mean ± standard deviation (SD) were computed for numerical variables like age distribution, gestational age, SBP, DBP, number of doses of drugs used and MAP. Stratification was done with regards to age, parity, and gestational age to observe the effects of these on outcomes.
RESULTS
The mean age of patients in labetalol group was 27.46 years while in hydralazine group it was 26.28 years. The mean parity in labetalol group was 1.92 and hydralazine group was1.95. Mean gestational age in labetalol group was 33.23 and mean gestational age in hydralazine group was 32.97.
Out of 78 patients, 44 (56.4%) required more than one dose of the drug used. Single dose of labetalol was sufficient in reducing the mean arterial pressure (MAP) to the desired level in 20 (51.3%) of the patients. In contrast single dose was sufficient only in 14 (35.9%) patients in the hydralazine group. The mean (±SD) number of doses required in the labetalol group was 1.59 (±0.68) while in the hydralazine group number of doses required was 1.90 (±0.79)
Table-IV.
SBP, DBP and MAP at presentation (n=78).
| Group | SBP | DBP | MAP |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hydralazine (n=39) | 172.31±12.24 | 116.15±5.90 | 134.46±6.35 |
Value are given in Mean±SD
At admission of patients the Systolic blood pressure (SBP) in the labetalol group was 172.69±14.1 mmHg while in the hydralazine group it was 172.31±12.24 mmHg. The diastolic blood pressure (DBP) at presentation was 116.67±5.78 mmHg in the labetalol group and 116.15 ± 5.90 mmHg in the hydralazine group. Hence the mean MAP in the former was 134.95 ± 7.10 mmHg and 134.46±6.35 mmHg in the later group.
Table-V.
SBP, DBP AND MAP after treatment (n=78).
| Group | SBP | DBP | MAP |
|---|---|---|---|
| Labetalol (n=39) | 140.49±8.88 | 91.03±7.88 | 107.10±7.19 |
| Hydralazine (n=39) | 141.03±8.59 | 94.49±7.05 | 109.57±7.00 |
Values are given in Mean±SD
After treatment the mean SBP in the labetalol group was 140.49±8.88 mmHg while in the hydralazine group it was 141.03±8.59 mmHg. The DBP after treatment was 91.03±7.88 mmHg in the labetalol group and 94.49±7.05 mmHg in the hydralazine group. Hence the mean MAP in the former was 107.10±7.19 mmHg and 109.54±7.00 mmHg in the later group.
The mean fall in MAP observed in the labetalol group was 29.10 ±7.21 mmHg and that in the hydralazine group was 25.05±10.15 mmHg. On application of independent t test the difference in the fall of MAP in these two groups was statistically significant with the p value being 0.046.
Patients in Hydrallazine group had headache and tachycardia more often as compare to women in Labetalol group. Side effects like maternal hypotension, nausea, vomiting, adverse fetal heart rate recording were not noted significantly in either group. Low Apgar score at 5 minutes was not noted which could be attributed to use of these drugs
DISCUSSION
Hypertension in pregnancy contributes significantly towards the maternal morbidity and mortality in developed as well as developing world. The gravity of the condition is pronounced in cases of severe hypertension. There is consensus that sustained severe hypertension in pregnancy should be treated as it is considered to be a risk factor for maternal end organ complications such as cerebral stroke. Threshold of blood pressure at which treatment should start is important. At the same time treatment should not cause a marked lowering of blood pressure leading to reduction in utero placental circulation. In a case series Martin et al found 96% of women had a Systolic Blood Pressure of 160mm Hg or above immediately prior to stroke and only 13% had Diastolic Blood pressure of 110 mm Hg or above.10 Martin study was criticized because of small sample size making use of statistical model impossible yet a Systolic Blood pressure threshold of 160 mm Hg or above appear significant.11 A confidential enquiry into Maternal and Child Health attributed fetal intracranial hemorrhage a result of inadequate treatment of severe Systolic Blood Pressure of 160mmHg in women with pre eclampsia.12 National High Blood Pressure Program recommends a Systolic Blood Pressure of 160mmHg or above and a Diastolic Blood Pressure 110mmHg threshold to start treatment.13
Table-VI.
Fall in mean arterial pressure (n=78).
| Labetalol | Hydralazine | |
|---|---|---|
| Fall in MAP (Mean±SD) | 29.10±7.21 | 25.05±10.15 |
P value = 0.046 Calculated by application of independent t-test.
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologist recommends parenteral labetalol and hydralazine as first line drug for the treatment of acute severe hypertension.14 Hydralazine has been serving as anti-hypertensive since over 40 years. It acts as a vasodilator, decreases peripheral resistance and lowers blood pressure. The effects are of short duration and system reset to the blood pressure levels necessary to maintain pressure in kidney necessary for natriuresis. It is not used as primary drug because it elicits a reflex sympathetic stimulation of heart which would results in increased heart rate and cardiac output and risk of angina with myocardial infarction.
Labetalol is a non-selective beta blocker and post synaptic alpha-1blocking agent. Labetalol may be considered as first line drug, but there is a potential risk of fetal bradycardia.
Both drugs have been used extensively in the management of pregnant women with higher blood pressure. Trivedi Swati at el. in their comparative study on Labetalol and Hydrallazine found both drugs as effective and quick acting antihypertensive agents in severe pre eclampsia.15 Numba in his study demonstrated Labetalol and Hydralazine effective and rapid anti-hypertensive agent in hypertension crises.9 The time taken to lower blood pressure and number of doses of Hydralazine and Labetalol were similar in Numba study. A study from Delgado De Rasquel also reported similar findings.16 In the current study the mean number of doses in Labetalol group was 1.59 and in Hydralazine group it was 1.90 doses.
In a study conducted by Mable et al authors found hydralazine lowered mean arterial pressure more than Labetalol that is 13.3 versus 11.2mm Hg.17 A study by Ashe et al showed comparable results.18 A Cochrane review failed to judge superiority of the hydralazine or labetalol. It concluded that the evidence is insufficient to decide superiority of Hydralazine or Labetalol.19
Contrary to above findings, in the current study reduction of blood pressure with labetalol was significant with p value of 0.046. This differs from the study of Mable and Ashe.17,18 The difference could be due to the fact that current study had a calculated sample size which was comparatively larger. Vigil V Gracia failed to exhibit superiority of hydralazine over labetalol.20 Authors concluded no statistically significant difference between two drugs raising the question about the choice of hydralazine as first line drug. A study on post natal hypertensive patients failed to observe any statistically significant difference between hydralazine and labetalol.21
Magee in his meta-analysis proposed labetalol as a promising alternate as first line agent.22 The author also expressed concerns regarding safety profile of hydralazine. In Cochrane review meta-analysis data from the two drugs was not significant to decide superiority of one drug over another
Studies reporting the efficacy of hydralazine and labetalol as anti-hypertensive mostly favored null hypothesis demonstrating no superiority of one drug over another in achieving blood pressure reduction. The current study has reported better results in reduction of blood pressure with labetalol as compared to hydralazine. This study contain a sample size of 78 with 39 in each group. A well designed, randomized controlled trial with adequate sample size will help to determine better drug for control of hypertension particularly in context of Pakistani pregnant population.
Limitations of the study
Blood Pressure recordings were not maintained on study proforma after two blood pressure readings. Although American College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologist recommends 10 mg dose of parenteral Hydrllazine, a dose of 5mg of Hydrallazine was preferred due to the fact that women from study population were not over weight.
CONCLUSION
Our results have shown better control of blood pressure with labetalol. Administration of drug during pregnancy and more so in cases of critical situation needs care full judgment. A balance between safety profile of drug and a given dose is of crucial importance. Therefore until conclusive results are obtained regarding superiority of hydralazine or labetalol, choice of drug should be on clinicians experience and discretion.
Authors` Contribution
AK: Supervised study, wrote manuscript and is responsible for intellectual integrity of the study.
SH: Conducted study, analyzed results.
FDN: Arranged references.
Footnotes
Declaration of conflict of interest: None.
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