Table 3.
Associations of socio-demographics, disaster characteristics, and prior vulnerabilities with DSM-IV/CIDI disaster-related PTSD (n = 378)a
| Univariate Modelb
|
Model 1
|
Model 2
|
Model 3
|
Model 4
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | (95% CI) | OR | (95% CI) | OR | (95% CI) | OR | (95% CI) | OR | (95% CI) | |
| I. Socio-demographics | ||||||||||
| Age at disaster (in decades) | 1.2* | (1.0–1.4) | 1.4 | (0.9–2.1) | 1.8 | (1.0–3.2) | 1.4 | (0.7–2.6) | 0.9 | (0.3–3.0) |
| Gender (female) | 1.0 | (0.3–4.1) | 1.4 | (0.3–5.6) | 0.9 | (0.2–3.8) | 1.4 | (0.5–3.5) | 0.9 | (0.3–2.8) |
| Educationc | 2.1* | (1.1–3.9) | 2.7 | (0.9–8.0) | 2.7 | (0.7–10.8) | 3.2 | (0.8–12.4) | 2.5* | (1.5–4.2) |
| Ever married | 0.8 | (0.2–2.8) | 0.2 | (0.0–3.9) | 0.1 | (0.0–1.3) | 0.2* | (0.0–0.6) | 0.2 | (0.0–1.2) |
| II. Disaster characteristics | ||||||||||
| Human-made v. natural disaster | 5.3* | (1.4–19.3) | – | – | 3.3* | (1.1–9.7) | 2.9* | (1.3–6.7) | 3.1 | (0.9–10.0) |
| Serious injury to respondent | 8.6* | (2.2–33.9) | – | – | 0.6 | (0.1–3.0) | 0.6 | (0.1–6.6) | 0.3 | (0.0–2.4) |
| Respondent witnessed death | 6.4 | (0.4–108.2) | – | – | 1.3 | (0.0–57.0) | 1.2 | (0.2–6.6) | 0.3 | (0.1–1.5) |
| Serious injury/death of loved one | 15.3* | (1.6–143.1) | – | – | 21.5* | (2.1–222.8) | 88.2* | (13.0–596.7) | 165.9* | (26.7–1031.0) |
| Respondent displaced from home | 4.3 | (0.8–22.9) | – | – | 6.6* | (1.9–22.3) | 9.3* | (5.1–16.9) | 6.2* | (3.2–12.2) |
| III. Prior vulnerability actors | ||||||||||
| Any prior traumatic violent experienced | 7.7* | (3.3–18.0) | – | – | – | – | 16.4* | (2.6–101.6) | 5.0* | (1.2–21.5) |
| Count of childhood adversitiese | 2.2* | (1.2–4.0) | – | – | – | – | 2.9* | (1.4–6.2) | 3.6* | (2.0–6.7) |
| Prior mental disorders | ||||||||||
| Exactly 1 | 1.7 | (0.5–6.5) | – | – | – | – | – | – | 9.8 | (0.5–192.4) |
| 2+ | 38.4* | (15.5–95.0) | – | – | – | – | – | – | 60.0* | (21.1–170.5) |
| F(2,37)f | 214.1* | p < 0.001 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 52.5* | p < 0.001 |
| F(5,35), (9,30), (11,28), (13,26)g | – | – | 1.9 | p = 0.14 | 72.3* | p < 0.001 | 69.9* | p < 0.001 | 133.1* | p < 0.001 |
PTSD, Post-traumatic stress disorder; OR, Odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.
All models were estimated in weighted data pooled across the six surveys in high-income countries. See Table note a in Table 2 for a description of the weighting. All models included dummy variable controls for surveys. This means that the reported ORs should be interpreted as pooled within-survey coefficients.
The univariate associations are based on a separate model for each row, with the variable in the row and the dummy controls for survey the only predictors in the model.
Education was treated as a continuous variable coded 1–4 (low, low-average, high-average, high).
Any prior traumatic violent experience includes exposure to any of four types of organized violence (e.g. civilian in a war zone, relief worker in a war zone, refugee); three types of interpersonal violence (witnessed violence at home as a child, beaten by a caregiver as a child, beaten by someone else other than a romantic partner); and seven types of sexual violence (e.g. raped, sexually assaulted, beaten by a romantic partner).
A count in the range 0–3+ of maladaptive family functioning childhood adversities experienced by the respondent in childhood from a total of seven assessed in the surveys that included parental mental disorder, parental substance abuse, parental criminality, family violence, physical abuse, sexual abuse, and physical neglect.
The joint significance of the pair of dummy variables for number of mental disorders.
The joint significance of all variables in the model. The numerator and denominator degrees of freedom are, respectively, the number of predictors in the model and the residual number of sampling error calculation units.
Significant at the 0.05 level, two-sided test.