Table 2.
Results of a multilevel logistic model to investigate the association between urbanization and reduced renal function among Chinese men (2009)
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | p-value | OR | 95% CI | p-value | OR | 95% CI | p-value | OR | 95% CI | p-value | |
| Urbanizationa | 1.38 | 1.11, 1.73 | 0.004 | 1.27 | 1.00, 1.61 | 0.048 | 1.28 | 1.01, 1.62 | 0.042 | 1.25 | 0.98, 1.59 | 0.074 |
| Health-related behavior | ||||||||||||
| Alcohol consumptionb | 0.54 | 0.37, 0.77 | 0.001 | 0.53 | 0.37, 0.76 | 0.001 | 0.52 | 0.36, 0.75 | < 0.001 | |||
| Smokingc | 0.86 | 0.60, 1.22 | 0.395 | 0.87 | 0.61, 1.23 | 0.420 | 0.90 | 0.63, 1.30 | 0.585 | |||
| Total physical activityd | 0.99 | 0.97, 1.00 | 0.043 | 0.99 | 0.97, 1.00 | 0.041 | 0.99 | 0.98, 1.00 | 0.084 | |||
| Energy intakee | 1.29 | 0.83, 2.00 | 0.251 | 1.18 | 0.77, 1.82 | 0.440 | 1.26 | 0.81, 1.97 | 0.308 | |||
| Protein intakef | 0.95 | 0.24, 3.73 | 0.940 | 0.47 | 0.14, 1.60 | 0.228 | 0.81 | 0.20, 3.24 | 0.760 | |||
| Sodium intake | 0.95 | 0.89, 1.03 | 0.199 | 0.95 | 0.88, 1.02 | 0.157 | ||||||
| Potassium intake | 0.70 | 0.45, 1.08 | 0.111 | 0.72 | 0.46, 1.12 | 0.148 | ||||||
| Sodium-to-potassium ratio | 0.96 | 0.88, 1.05 | 0.407 | |||||||||
| Cardiometabolic risk factors | ||||||||||||
| Overweight/Obesityg | 1.03 | 0.71, 1.50 | 0.858 | |||||||||
| Hypertensionh | 1.93 | 1.35, 2.74 | < 0.001 | |||||||||
| Diabetes Mellitusi | 1.36 | 0.88, 2.11 | 0.162 | |||||||||
| High LDLj | 1.17 | 0.80, 1.69 | 0.419 | |||||||||
Models were adjusted for age (in years), educational attainment (primary education or less, junior high school, high school and attained further education) and household income (low, middle and high)
aResults are expressed per one-SD increase
bThe referent was those who drank less than once per month
cThe referent was those who didn’t smoke
dResults are expressed per 10 METs increase
eResults are expressed per 1000 kcal increase
fResults are expressed per 100 g increase
gThe referent was those whose body mass index was 24.0 or less
hHypertension was defined by either systolic pressure ≥ 140 mmHg, diastolic pressure ≥ 90 mmHg or self-reported antihypertensive medication
iDiabetes were defined by either hemoglobin A1c ≥ 6.5% or fasting blood glucose ≥126 mg/dL or self-reported diagnosis of DM
jHigher LDL was defined by LDL ≥ 130 mg/dL