Table 2.
Weighted proportions and marginal effects of determinants of single and multiple NCD morbidity, adults aged 50+, China (2008–2010) and Ghana (2008–2009), SAGE Wave
| Determinants | China | Ghana | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Single Morbidity | Multimorbidity | Single Morbidity | Multimorbidity | |||||
| Weighted Proportion | Marginal Effect | Weighted Proportion | Marginal Effect | Weighted Proportion | Marginal Effect | Weighted Proportion | Marginal Effect | |
| Sex | ||||||||
| Male | Base | Base | Base | Base | ||||
| Female | 0.488 | 0.0018 | 0.517 | 0.0479 | 0.444 | 0.0396 | 0.480 | 0.0766* |
| Age | ||||||||
| 50-59 | Base | Base | Base | Base | ||||
| 60-69 | 0.304 | 0.0881*** | 0.322 | 0.2145*** | 0.269 | 0.0408 | 0.275 | 0.0732* |
| 70-79 | 0.152 | 0.1279*** | 0.199 | 0.3076*** | 0.215 | 0.0524 | 0.230 | 0.0793* |
| 80+ | 0.033 | 0.1755*** | 0.043 | 0.3577*** | 0.086 | 0.0190 | 0.107 | 0.0998* |
| Residence | ||||||||
| Urban | Base | Base | Base | Base | ||||
| Rural | 0.555 | 0.0787*** | 0.501 | 0.0385 | 0.607 | −0.0423 | 0.611 | −0.0349 |
| Marital Status | ||||||||
| Married/Cohabit | Base | Base | Base | Base | ||||
| Unmarried | 0.011 | 0.0330 | 0.009 | −0.0120 | 0.013 | −0.2216* | 0.016 | −0.1001 |
| Widow/separated | 0.123 | 0.0486** | 0.136 | 0.0297 | 0.355 | 0.0483 | 0.405 | 0.1201*** |
| Educational level | ||||||||
| No school | Base | Base | Base | Base | ||||
| < 6 years | 0.199 | −0.0017 | 0.186 | −0.0036 | 0.101 | 0.0581 | 0.103 | 0.0558 |
| Primary | 0.220 | −0.0175 | 0.216 | −0.0187 | 0.121 | 0.0070 | 0.102 | −0.0769 |
| Secondary | 0.206 | 0.0074 | 0.197 | 0.0103 | 0.042 | −0.0138 | 0.040 | −0.0580 |
| High School | 0.123 | −0.0755** | 0.128 | −0.0688* | 0.175 | 0.0528 | 0.162 | 0.0584 |
| University/College | 0.039 | −0.0647* | 0.044 | −0.0501 | 0.040 | 0.0364 | 0.032 | −0.0260 |
| Wealth | ||||||||
| Q5 richest | Base | Base | Base | Base | ||||
| Q4 | 0.238 | 0.0180 | 0.232 | 0.0727*** | 0.203 | −0.0151 | 0.211 | 0.0066 |
| Q3 | 0.200 | −0.0186 | 0.212 | 0.0685** | 0.198 | −0.0072 | 0.209 | 0.0251 |
| Q2 | 0.181 | −0.0113 | 0.193 | 0.0887** | 0.187 | −0.0445 | 0.206 | −0.0279 |
| Q1 poorest | 0.162 | 0.0283 | 0.157 | 0.0978*** | 0.199 | −0.0221 | 0.181 | −0.1131* |
| Work Status | ||||||||
| Never Worked | Base | Base | Base | Base | ||||
| Currently working | 0.488 | 0.0243 | 0.424 | 0.0174 | 0.737 | −0.0255 | 0.680 | 0.1649 |
| Currently not working | 0.435 | 0.0605* | 0.497 | 0.0957*** | 0.244 | 0.0013 | 0.306 | 0.3074** |
| Body Mass Index | ||||||||
| Underweight | Base | Base | Base | Base | ||||
| Normal | 0.629 | 0.1541*** | 0.615 | 0.1765*** | 0.567 | 0.0528 | 0.564 | 0.0742* |
| Overweight | 0.280 | 0.2967*** | 0.280 | 0.3771*** | 0.188 | 0.1800*** | 0.182 | 0.2469*** |
| Obese | 0.046 | 0.3582*** | 0.059 | 0.5082*** | 0.089 | 0.2164*** | 0.092 | 0.3181*** |
| Physical Activity | ||||||||
| High | Base | Base | Base | Base | ||||
| Moderate | 0.261 | 0.0090 | 0.276 | 0.0498** | 0.123 | −0.0196 | 0.122 | −0.0436 |
| Low | 0.249 | 0.0022 | 0.287 | 0.0804*** | 0.232 | −0.0153 | 0.249 | −0.0373 |
| Smoking | ||||||||
| Non Smoker | Base | Base | Base | Base | ||||
| Former Smoker | 0.059 | −0.0023 | 0.069 | 0.0913** | 0.141 | 0.0582* | 0.136 | 0.0886* |
| Current Smoker | 0.026 | −0.0801** | 0.027 | −0.0552 | 0.025 | −0.0128 | 0.027 | 0.0450 |
| Current Daily | 0.296 | −0.0427* | 0.266 | −0.0491 | 0.087 | −0.0623 | 0.091 | −0.0569 |
| Alcohol Drinking | ||||||||
| No | Base | Base | Base | Base | ||||
| Yes | 0.356 | 0.0437** | 0.330 | 0.0465* | 0.593 | 0.0058 | 0.579 | −0.0144 |
| Fruit/Veg Intake | ||||||||
| Adequate | Base | Base | Base | Base | ||||
| Inadequate | 0.097 | −0.0328 | 0.110 | 0.0053 | 0.655 | −0.0694** | 0.737 | 0.1063*** |
Marginal effects that differ significantly from zero (at p ≤ 0.05) are in bold typeface, * p ≤ 0.05, ** p ≤ 0.01, *** p ≤ 0.001