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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Neurochem. 2016 Sep;138(5):653–693. doi: 10.1111/jnc.13667

Figure 7. Targeting dysregulated glial activation and innate immunity in TBI and AD.

Figure 7

Top left panels show a conceptualized profile of the temporal changes in cytokines / chemokines, astrocytes, and microglia / macrophages following TBI, and how the neuroinflammatory responses are heightened and prolonged in the presence of beta-amyloid (Aβ) pathology (Webster, Van Eldik et al. 2015). In the figure, potential areas for therapeutic intervention targeting glial activation and innate immunity are highlighted in the yellow boxes. APP=amyloid precursor protein, BBB=blood-brain barrier, ROS/RNS=reactive oxygen species/reactive nitrogen species.