Table 1. DIF hypotheses generated by nine content experts for applied cognition - general concerns items.

Item Stem	Gender	Age	Race Ethnicity	Language	Education	Diagnosis
I have had trouble forming thoughts (8a)	3a Women higher impairment (3)b	4 Older higher impairment (2)		2	4 Higher education higher impairment (2)	4 Depression /anxiety higher impairment (1); Ill higher impairment (1); Cancer higher impairment (1)
My thinking has been slow (4a, 6a, 8a)		4 Older higher impairment				3
My thinking has been foggy	2	2 Older higher impairment		5	3	2
I have had trouble concentrating (6a, 8a)	3 Women higher impairment (3)	3 Older higher impairment (2)			2	5 Cancer higher impairment (2); terminally ill/pain higher impairment (1); Depression /anxiety higher impairment (1)
I have had to work really hard to pay attention or I would make a mistake (6a, 8a)		2		2 Non-English higher impairment; Spanish higher impairment	4 Lower education higher impairment (2)
It has seemed like my brain was not working as well as usual (4a, 6a, 8a)		4 Older higher impairment (3)	2 Latinos higher impairment		2 Higher education higher impairment
I have had to work harder than usual to keep track of what I was doing (4a, 6a, 8a)		3 Older higher impairment (2)			2
I have had trouble shifting back and forth between different activities that require thinking (4a, 6a, 8a)		2			2

^aNumber indicates total number of hypotheses;

^bNumber of directional hypotheses; Italicized entries are those with 2 or more ratings in the same direction.

Note: The following short-form 8a item was not included in the analyses: “My problems with memory, concentration, or making mental mistakes have interfered with the quality of my life.”