Table 1.
Psychotic reactions associated with ayahuasca and DMT.
| Reference | Study design | Sample/drug | Main findings |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lima et al. [2002] * | Case series/observational 1996–2000 |
Brazilian UDV members AYA (oral) |
Seven cases of psychotic disorders$ |
| Gable [2007] * | Case series/observational 5 years (?) |
Brazilian UDV members AYA (oral) |
13–24 cases of psychotic disorders |
| Dos Santos and Strassman [2008] | Case report | 21-year-old Brazilian man AYA (oral) |
Two psychotic episodes separated by 1 year |
| Lima and Tófoli, [2011] * | Case series/observational 1994–2007 |
Brazilian UDV members AYA (oral) |
29 cases of psychotic disorders¶ |
| Umut et al. [2011] | Case report | 19-year-old North American man DMT (smoked?) |
Psychotic episode |
| Warren et al. [2013] | Case report | 24-year-old South Australian man DMT (smoked) |
Psychotic episode |
| Szmulewicz et al. [2015] | Case report | 30-year-old Argentinian man AYA (oral) |
Psychotic episode |
| Paterson et al. [2015] | Case report | 42-year-old North American (?) man DMT (smoked) |
Psychotic episode |
| Described in the present review | Case report | 40-year-old Spanish woman AYA (oral) |
Psychotic episode |
AYA, ayahuasca; DMT, dimethyltryptamine; UDV, União do Vegetal.
Interrogation: not specified.
Included subjects from the same sample.
Two cases did not present relation with ayahuasca, three cases were relapses of previous psychotic episodes, in one case, ayahuasca was associated with other factors (no details were given), and only one case presented immediate temporal relation with ayahuasca and there were no psychotic antecedents.
Schizophrenia (n = 9), acute and transient psychotic disorders (n = 4), unspecified nonorganic (n = 2), severe depressive episode with psychotic symptoms (n = 4), substance-induced psychosis (n = 6), and bipolar affective disorder with psychotic manic episode (n = 4). In 10 cases there was no immediate temporal relation between ayahuasca intake and the psychotic episode, and 19 of the 29 cases (65.5%) presented some relation with ayahuasca: in four cases, there was an immediate temporal relation between ayahuasca intake and the psychotic episode, and subjects had no psychiatric history; in five cases, there was an immediate temporal relation between ayahuasca intake and the psychotic episode, but subjects had a psychiatric history with or without an active symptomatology; and in 10 cases there was no immediate temporal relation between ayahuasca intake and the psychotic episode, but ayahuasca may have contributed with others factors for the development of the case.