Table 1. Study design & participants.
| Citation | Study Design | Participant Details | Session Details |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rozelle | Case Study | Male, 55 yrs | 69 Sessions |
| 1995 | 1 yr post CVA | ||
| SL: left posterior temporal/parietal infarction | EEG: sessions 1–21, 4-5x/week for 15–25 minutes | ||
| AT | |||
| M | NFT: 22 weeks/48 sessions | ||
| CD: garbled speech, short-term memory loss, tinnitus, fatigue | Sessions 1–6, daily | ||
| 4 week break between session 6 & 7 | |||
| Monopolar and Bipolar | |||
| Focused Technology F-1000 Biofeedback system | |||
| Bearden | Case Study | Male, 52 yrs | 14 weeks / 42 sessions/ 3x/week then reduced to 2x/week |
| 2003 | 1 yr post CVA | Time per session varied (9 to 14 minutes) | |
| SL: left hemispheric ischemic infarction | |||
| AT | Monopolar | ||
| M | |||
| CD: severely impaired memory and ability to read, upper field visual deficit, inability to learn new material | Thought Technology | ||
| Procomp+/ Biograph biofeedback system |
|||
| Doppelmayr | Controlled Trial | Experiment 1: | Experiment 1: 10 days/ 10 sessions, 12 minutes each |
| 2007 | NFT n = 15 | ||
| Control n = 17 | Experiment 2: 10 days/ 9–15 sessions, 16 minutes each | ||
| Mean age: 56 yrs (SD = 13) | |||
| Experiment 2: | Monopolar | ||
| Alpha NFT n = 7 | |||
| RSA n = 6 | Procomp+system | ||
| AT (both) | |||
| Cannon | Case Study | Female, 43 yrs | 26 weeks/52 sessions, 2x/week for 30 minutes |
| 2010 | 1 year post CVA | ||
| SL: right hemisphere artery embolus | Monopolar and Bipolar | ||
| AT | |||
| M | NeuroCybernetics | ||
| CD: energy and mood issues, inability to focus, distracted | |||
| Toppi | Case Studies | Participant 1: Female, 70 yrs | 10 sessions @ 25 minutes each, 3 min baseline, six 3 minute training sessions |
| 2014 | Stroke Location: right hemispheric stroke | ||
| Monopolar | |||
| Participant 2: Male, 20 yrs | |||
| Stroke Location: left hemispheric stroke | Modality: not specified | ||
| Mroczkowska | Case Study | Female, 53 yrs | 10 weeks/30 sessions, 3x/week, 40 minutes each |
| 2014 | ~1 month post CVA | ||
| SL: hemorrhagic stroke in the left hemisphere | Monopolar | ||
| AT | |||
| CD: anxiety, motivation and cognitive/executive function issues, Broca’s aphasia; speech impairments | Exememory Application |
||
| Cho | RCT | NFT n = 13 | 6 weeks/30 sessions, 5x/week, 30 minutes each |
| 2015 | Age– 62.9 yrs (+/-7.2) | ||
| Lesion (right/left)– 9/4 | Monopolar | ||
| Control group n = 14 | NeuroComp System | ||
| Age– 63.6 yrs (+/-9.3) | |||
| Lesion (right/left)– 8/5 | |||
| AT | |||
| CD: visual perception and reductions in cognitive function |
Abbreviations: additional therapy (AT); cerebral vascular accident (CVA); electroencephalography (EEG); Medication (M); Mini Mental State Exam (MMSE); neurofeedback (NF); randomized controlled trial (RCT); respiratory sinus arrhythmia biofeedback training (RSA); Sensorimotor Rhythm (SMR), stroke location (SL).