Table 1. Participants' characteristics.
| Cases N = 96 | Controls N = 69 | |
|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic variables | ||
| Age, mean (SD) | 62.2 (7.4) | 63.0 (7.0) |
| Sex, M, n (%) | 49 (51.0) | 29 (42.0) |
| Education level (high), n (%) | 60 (62.5) | 51 (76.1) |
| Anthropometrics and metabolic covariates | ||
| Waist circumference, mean (SD) | 91.7 (13.0) | 89.4 (12.9) |
| Body Mass Index, kg/m2, mean (SD) | 26.2 (4.0) | 25.8 (4.3) |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm HG), mean (SD) | 146.4 (19.9) | 136.9 (19.9) |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm HG), mean (SD) | 75.2 (8.3) | 80.9 (9.5) |
| Hypertension [0–1], n (%) | 43 (62.3) | 79 (82.3) |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L), mean (SD) | 5.0 (1.0) | 5.8 (1.2) |
| Triglycerids (mmol/L), mean (SD) | 0.9 (0.4) | 1.1 (0.6) |
| Diabetes variables | ||
| HbA1c in 2015, mean (SD) | 7.43 (0.80) | 5.41 (0.32) |
| Glycaemic burden (i.e. mean time-weighted HbA1c), mean (SD) | 7.95 (0.81) | |
| Years lived with type 1 diabetes, mean (SD) | 50.7 (4.8) | |
| Persistent albuminuria, n (%) | 17 (18.1) | |
| Peripheral neuropathy, n (%) | 62 (64.6) | 14 (20.3) |
| Osteoarthritis variables | ||
| Kellgren-Lawrence sumscore [0–120], median (IQR) | 10 (3–21) | 12 (6–21) |
| Radiographic OA [0–1]), n (%) | 60 (62.5) | 44 (63.8) |
| Non-erosive OA [0–1], n %) | 49 (81.2) | 41 (93.2) |
| Erosive OA [0–1], n (%) | 11 (18.3) | 3 (6.8) |
| AUSCAN pain [0–20], mean (SD) | 4.1 (4.9) | 1.4 (2.6) |
| AUSCAN physical function [0–36], mean (SD) | 7.6 (8.0) | 2.6 (4.4) |
| AUSCAN stiffness [0–4], mean (SD) | 1.3 (1.0) | 0.4 (0.6) |
Abbreviations: M: Males, SD: standard deviation, AUSCAN: Australian-Canadian Hand Index, OA: osteoarthritis. Radiographic OA: ≥2 joints with Kellgren-Lawrence grade 2 or more. Erosive OA: ≥1 joint with central erosions.