Table 3. Associations between case control status, HbA_1c and hand pain, function and stiffness.

	Crude B (95% CI)	Age and sex adjusted B (95% CI)	Fully adjusted B (95% CI)	Fully adjusted, +adjusted for hand complaints B (95% CI)
Outcome: Hand pain (0–20 scale)a
Exposed case (ref.: non-exposed)	2.65* (1.49–3.81)	2.88* (1.76–3.99)	2.78* (1.65–3.91)	1.59* (0.34–2.83)
HbA1c in 2015	1.42* (0.87–1.95)	1.51* (0.99–2.02)	1.43* (0.91–1.95)	1.06* (0.50–1.62)
Glycaemic burden	2.16* (1.05–3.28)	2.19* (1.19–3.19)	2.00* (0.77–3.19)	1.76* (0.49–3.03)
Outcome: Hand disability (0–36 scale)a
Exposed case (ref.: non-exposed)	5.04* (3.11–6.97)	5.65* (3.88–7.43)	5.30* (3.48–7.12)	3.77* (1.75–5.80)
HbA1c in 2015	2.30* (1.45–3.16)	2.55* (1.78–3.32)	2.40* (1.60–3.20)	1.84* (0.92–2.76)
Glycaemic burden	3.00* (1.20–4.80)	3.15* (1.57–4.72)	3.15* (1.37–4.94)	2.84* (0.99–4.70)
Outcome: Hand stiffness (0–4 scale)b
Exposed case (ref.: non-exposed)	1.90* (1.27–2.52)	2.07* (1.42–2.73)	2.00* (1.33–2.67)	1.39* (0.65–2.12)
HbA1c in 2015	0.93* (0.65–1.21)	0.98* (0.71–1.26)	0.92* (0.63–1.21)	0.72* (0.40–1.03)
Glycaemic burden	0.65* (0.27–1.03)	0.76* (0.32–1.21)	0.67* (0.10–1.24)	0.50 (-0.14–1.15)

^a Linear regression analyses,

^b ordinal regression analyses. Cases exposed to long-term type 1 diabetes (N = 96), non-exposed are healthy controls (N = 69). Fully adjusted analyses were adjusted for age, sex, education status and waist circumference. Fully adjusted +adjusted for hand complaints were additionally adjusted for the presence of the hand complaints carpal tunnel syndrome, trigger finger, Dupuytren's contracture and limited joint mobility on a 0–4 scale. Glycaemic burden; mean time-weighted HbA_1c (available for exposed cases only), B; unstandardized Beta estimate, CI; confidence intervals.

* implies p<0.05.