Table 1.
Patient characteristics by insurance coverage
| Characteristic | Commercial Insurance & Medicare | Medicare only | Medicaid | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | 1046 (54) | 79 (4) | 822 (42) | |
|
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| Demographics | ||||
|
| ||||
| Age in years, mean (SD) | 78.3 (8.5) | 78.3 (8.4) | 79.0 (8.6) | 0.122 |
| Male, n (%) | 543 (52) | 40 (51) | 321 (39) | < 0.001 |
| Race, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
| White | 828 (79) | 35 (44) | 244 (30) | |
| Black | 119 (11) | 25 (32) | 217 (27) | |
| Hispanic | 99 (9.5) | 19 (24) | 361 (44) | |
| Year Discharged, n (%) | 0.022 | |||
| 2006 | 215 (21) | 19 (24) | 195 (24) | |
| 2007 | 264 (25) | 20 (25) | 217 (26) | |
| 2008 | 256 (25) | 21 (27) | 228 (28) | |
| 2009 | 311 (30) | 19 (24) | 182 (22) | |
|
| ||||
| Measures of Acute Critical Illness Severity | ||||
|
| ||||
| Primary Diagnosis | ||||
| Sepsis, n (%) | 205 (20) | 17 (22) | 189 (23) | 0.223 |
| Acute stroke, n (%) | 16 (1.5) | 1 (1.3) | 10 (1.2) | 0.838 |
| Hematologic Malignancy, n (%) | 26 (2.5) | 1 (1.3) | 6 (0.73) | 0.013 |
| Solid Malignancy, n (%) | 61 (5.8) | 2 (2.5) | 32 (3.9) | 0.091 |
| Type and Duration of Mechanical Ventilation, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
| None | 714 (68) | 46 (58) | 479 (58) | |
| < 96 hours | 170 (16) | 11 (14) | 139 (17) | |
| >= 96 hours | 117 (11) | 17 (22) | 128 (16) | |
| >= 96 hours + tracheostomy | 45 (4.3) | 5 (6.3) | 77 (9.3) | |
| Hospital Length of Stay, n (%) | 0.002 | |||
| 1–7 days | 285 (27) | 14 (18) | 174 (21) | |
| 8–21 days | 480 (46) | 41 (52) | 448 (55) | |
| >21 days | 281 (27) | 24 (30) | 200 (24) | |
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| Measures of Chronic Health Severity | ||||
|
| ||||
| Charlson Index Score, median (IQR) | 2 (1–4) | 1 (1–3) | 2 (1–4) | 0.02 |
| Do-Not-Resuscitate order during hospitalization, n (%) | 158 (15) | 21 (27) | 196 (24) | < 0.001 |
| Admission Source, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
| Home | 971 (93) | 64 (81) | 657 (80) | |
| Skilled-care facility | 75 (7) | 15 (19) | 165 (20) | |
| Discharge location, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
| Home | 552 (53) | 28 (35) | 320 (39) | |
| Skilled-care facility | 494 (47) | 51 (65) | 502 (61) | |
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| Neighborhood socioeconomic characteristics | ||||
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| Median household income, USD thousands, median (IQR) | 79.5 (44.7–100.6) | 45.0 (34.7–80.7) | 37.3 (27.3–74.5) | < 0.001 |
| Families below poverty line, % | 3.5 (1.1–15) | 9.2 (1.7–24) | 19 (3.1–32) | < 0.001 |
| High school graduates, %, median (IQR) | 92 (79–100) | 82 (66–92) | 72 (60–91) | < 0.001 |
| College graduates, %, median (IQR) | 56 (29–77) | 32 (20–61) | 25 (17–59) | < 0.001 |
SD: Standard Deviation; IQR: Interquartile range