Figure 4.

Individual bee performance in the reversal learning test. Plot of individual bee performance (n = 60) in the reversal learning test in which the rewarding and unrewarding flower colours were switched with respect to the forward learning phase, and the rewarding flower for all groups provided sucrose solution (without nicotine). For each bee (n = 60) 70 consecutive visits were recorded (x-axis). Different colours represent different individual bees. Circles represent raw data of bee choices that were pooled to 3 large bins of sequential choices for clarity. Curves were fitted to the 70 visits completed by individual bees. The plots reveal the large variation among individual bees’ responses. Some bees were unaffected by nicotine but an increasing number of bees were very slow or completely failed to revert with increasing nicotine concentration encountred in the forward learning phase.