Table 2.
Predictors of volunteering for the Health eHeart Study with reference to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
| Characteristics | NHANES (N = 5769) | Heh (N = 12280) | Unadjusted | Adjusted | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | ORs (95% CIs) | P-value | ORs (95% CIs) | P-value | ||
| Age group | |||||||
| 20–29 | 19% | 1034 | 8% | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | ||
| 30–39 | 17% | 1730 | 14% | 1.8 (1.5–2.1) | <0.001 | 1.4 (1.2–1.7) | 0.001 |
| 40–49 | 19% | 2392 | 19% | 2.3 (1.9–2.8) | <0.001 | 1.9 (1.4–2.4) | <0.001 |
| 50–59 | 18% | 3195 | 26% | 3.2 (2.7–3.7) | <0.001 | 2.3 (1.9–2.8) | <0.001 |
| 60–69 | 14% | 2734 | 22% | 3.4 (2.8–4.2) | <0.001 | 2.2 (1.7–2.8) | <0.001 |
| 70–79 | 8% | 1048 | 9% | 2.4 (2.0–2.8) | <0.001 | 1.5 (1.2–1.9) | 0.002 |
| ≥80 | 4% | 147 | 1% | 0.6 (0.5–0.7) | <0.001 | 0.3 (0.2–0.4) | <0.001 |
| Sex | |||||||
| Male | 48% | 3311 | 27% | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | ||
| Female | 52% | 8969 | 73% | 2.5 (2.3–2.7) | <0.001 | 3.1 (2.9–3.5) | <0.001 |
| Race/ethnicity | |||||||
| White, non-Hispanic | 66% | 529 | 82% | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | ||
| Black, non-Hispanic | 11% | 10069 | 4% | 0.3 (0.2–0.5) | <0.001 | 0.4 (0.3–0.5) | <0.001 |
| Asian, non-Hispanic | 5% | 547 | 4% | 0.7 (0.5–0.9) | 0.018 | 0.6 (0.4–0.8) | 0.007 |
| Hispanic | 15% | 656 | 5% | 0.3 (0.2–0.5) | <0.001 | 0.5 (0.3–0.8) | 0.004 |
| Others or mixed | 3% | 479 | 4% | 1.1 (0.8–1.7) | 0.47 | 1.4 (1.1–1.9) | 0.024 |
| Married or partnered | 62% | 8532 | 69% | 1.4 (1.2–1.6) | <0.001 | 0.9 (0.8–1.1) | 0.226 |
| Education | |||||||
| ≤High school | 37% | 629 | 5% | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | ||
| Some college or associate degree | 33% | 2687 | 22% | 4.9 (4.0–5.9) | <0.001 | 4.0 (3.3–4.8) | <0.001 |
| College graduate or above | 30% | 8964 | 73% | 17.6 (13.5–22.8) | <0.001 | 15.8 (13.0–19.0) | <0.001 |
| Annual Income, % | |||||||
| <$20,000 | 15% | 825 | 7% | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | ||
| $20,000−<$75,000 | 48% | 4041 | 33% | 1.6 (1.2–2.0) | 0.001 | 1.0 (0.7–1.3) | 0.829 |
| $75,000−<$100,000 | 11% | 1840 | 15% | 3.2 (2.2–4.5) | <0.001 | 1.3 (0.9–2.0) | 0.198 |
| ≥$100,000 | 26% | 5574 | 45% | 3.9 (2.6–5.8) | <0.001 | 1.1 (0.7–1.8) | 0.649 |
| Medical conditions, % | |||||||
| Hypertension | 35% | 4472 | 36% | 1.1 (1.0–1.2) | 0.211 | 1.1 (1.0–1.3) | 0.073 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 35% | 5288 | 43% | 1.4 (1.3–1.5) | <0.001 | 1.1 (1.0–1.3) | 0.029 |
| Diabetes | 10% | 967 | 8% | 0.8 (0.7–0.9) | 0.001 | 0.8 (0.7–0.9) | 0.007 |
| Coronary heart disease | 5% | 1297 | 11% | 2.5 (2.0–3.1) | <0.001 | 2.8 (2.0–3.8) | <0.001 |
| Stroke | 3% | 466 | 4% | 1.3 (1.1–1.6) | 0.011 | 1.5 (1.1–2.0) | 0.014 |
| Heart failure | 3% | 487 | 4% | 1.5 (1.2–1.9) | 0.001 | 1.6 (1.3–2.1) | 0.001 |
| Heart attack | 3% | 779 | 6% | 1.9 (1.6–2.4) | <0.001 | 1.2 (1.0–1.6) | 0.059 |
| General health, % | |||||||
| Excellent | 10% | 2134 | 17% | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | ||
| Very good | 30% | 4451 | 36% | 0.7 (0.6–0.8) | <0.001 | 0.7 (0.5–0.8) | 0.001 |
| Good | 40% | 3984 | 32% | 0.4 (0.4–0.5) | <0.001 | 0.6 (0.5–0.8) | <0.001 |
| Fair | 17% | 1430 | 12% | 0.4 (0.3–0.5) | <0.001 | 0.7 (0.6–0.8) | 0.001 |
| Poor | 3% | 281 | 2% | 0.5 (0.3–0.6) | <0.001 | 0.8 (0.5–1.4) | 0.488 |
| Smoking, % | |||||||
| Never | 56% | 7953 | 65% | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | ||
| Past | 24% | 3791 | 31% | 1.1 (1.0–1.3) | 0.063 | 1.3 (1.1–1.5) | 0.015 |
| Current | 20% | 536 | 4% | 0.2 (0.2–0.2) | <0.001 | 0.3 (0.3–0.4) | <0.001 |
| Sleep duration, h/night | |||||||
| ≥9 | 8% | 657 | 5% | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | ||
| 7 to 8 | 57% | 7249 | 59% | 1.6 (1.2–2.1) | 0.004 | 1.4 (1.0–1.8) | 0.025 |
| ≤6 | 35% | 4374 | 36% | 1.5 (1.1–2.2) | 0.019 | 1.8 (1.3–2.6) | 0.002 |
NHANES: National Health And Nutrition Examination Survey; Heh: Health eHeart Study; OR: odds ratio; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval.