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. 2017 May 16;7:1990. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-02012-8

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Adaptive evolution of non-synonymous variants in HBV. (A–B) Plots of AS statistics of NNS, INS and DNS variants. The calculation was performed using (A) low frequency and (B) high frequency variants separately. Low frequency variants were defined by <1% DAF or singletons. AS was first computed based on polymorphic variants in each genotype separately and then all polymorphic variants were combined (dot in black). Genotypes G and H are not showed because of small sample size (Supplementary Tables S4 and S5). Error bars denotes the 90% confidence intervals derived from bootstrapping tests of 1000 times for AS. Blue dashed line denotes the neutral index, where AS = 0.