Table 1.

Studies assessing the impact of ECEs on the selection pressures acting on key adaptive traits. In all these studies, ECEs reinforced natural selection.

species	traits	extreme event	references
Fulmarus glacialoides	individual qualitya	extreme sea ice conditions	[27]
Geospiza fortis	beak size	el Niño event	[26]
Haematopus ostralegus	nest elevation	flooding	[19]
Hirundo rustica	arrival date	extremely cold spring	[28]
Passer domesticus	body size	extreme storm	[29]
Petrochelidon pyrrhonota	body size	cold weather	[30]
Riparia riparia	body size	severe drought	[31]

^aIndividual quality refers here to the acquisition and allocation of resources.