Figure 4.

Cytokines produced by neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs)-treated monocytes. Monocytes were treated or not with NETs, digested NETs (dNETs), or recombinant elastase. After 18 h at 37°C/5%CO₂, IL-4 and GM-CSF were added and cells were maintained at 37°C/5%CO₂. At day 5, lipopolysaccharide (100 ng/mL) was added to the culture. After 72 h of activation, cytokine production was evaluated by ELISA. Results of at least eight experiments are shown as mean ± SEM. (A) **P < 0.01; *P < 0.05. (B) **P < 0.01; *P < 0.05. (C) Paired t-test analysis was performed and *P < 0.05. (D) *P < 0.05.