Table 2.
Seroconversion rate in children and adolescents with celiac disease after intramuscular or intradermal hepatitis B virus vaccination
| Ref. | Year | Country | Study design | Patients population and sample size | VAC Ag | Type of vaccine | Route | Number of boster doses | Seroconversion |
| Nemes et al[12] | 2008 | Finland | Prospective | 37 (mean age, 16.7 yr) non responders CD on GFD | HBV | Recombinant | IM | 1 | 97.30% |
| Ertem et al[13] | 2010 | Turkey | Prospective | 28 (mean age ± SD, 12.4 ± 5.4 yr) non responders CD | HBV | Recombinant | IM | 3 doses of HBV vaccine | 96.40% |
| Leonardi et al[55] | 2010 | Italy | Prospective | 20 non responders CD to IM vaccination | HBV | Recombinant | ID | 4 | 90% |
| Leonardi et al[56] | 2012 | Italy | Prospective | 58 (mean age ± SD 9.8 ± 6.2 yr) non responders CD | HBV | Recombinant | 30 ID vs 28 IM | 3 | After first dose: |
| ID: 76.7% vs | |||||||||
| IM: 78.6% | |||||||||
| After third dose: | |||||||||
| ID: 90% vs | |||||||||
| IM: 96.4% | |||||||||
| High responders | |||||||||
| (anti-HBs > 1000 IU/L): | |||||||||
| ID: 40% | |||||||||
| IM: 7%, P < 0.01 |
IM: Intramuscular; ID: Intradermal; VAC: Vaccine; Ag: Antigen; GFD: Gluten free diet; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; anti-HBs: Anti-hepatitis B surface.