Table 2.
Least square means for dietary pattern scores (UDP; HDP)a by income levels for each country (site) arranged from highest to lowest HDI
| Country (site) | 2011 HDI (level) | Gini index (Year) | Income Level 1 | Income Level 2 | Income Level 3 | Income Level 4 | P for linear trendb |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UDP scores by country (site) | |||||||
| Australia (Adelaide) | 0.929 (very high) | 34.9 (2010) | −0.13 (0.10) | −0.23 (0.09) | −0.33 (0.09) | −0.46 (0.10) | 0.02 |
| Canada (Ottawa) | 0.908 (very high) | 32.6 (2013) | −0.23 (0.10) | −0.45 (0.09) | −0.41 (0.11) | −0.52 (0.08) | 0.01 |
| Finland (Helsinki, Espoo and Vantaa) | 0.882 (very high) | 27.7 (2010) | −0.46 (0.10) | −0.60 (0.10) | −0.62 (0.10) | −0.59 (0.08) | <.0001 |
| USA (Baton Rouge) | 0.837 (very high) | 40.8 (2013) | 1.09 (0.11) | 1.27 (0.09) | 0.56 (0.10) | 0.51 (0.11) | 0.003 |
| Portugal (Porto) | 0.819 (very high) | 35.8 (2010) | −0.19 (0.09) | −0.29 (0.08) | −0.31 (0.08) | −0.46 (0.10) | 0.31 |
| United Kingdom (Bath and North East Somerset) | 0.744 (very high) | 36.0 (2013) | −0.14 (0.10) | −0.15 (0.09) | −0.18 (0.10) | −0.23 (0.10) | 0.11 |
| Brazil (Sau Paulo) | 0.718 (high) | 52.9 (2013) | 0.20 (0.09) | 0.11 (0.10) | 0.05 (0.10) | 0.01 (0.11) | <.0001 |
| Colombia (Bogota) | 0.710 (high) | 55.5 (2010) | −0.06 (0.08) | −0.13 (0.08) | −0.05 (0.09) | −0.11 (0.10) | 0.005 |
| China (Tianjin) | 0.687 (medium) | 42.1 (2010) | −0.14 (0.14) | −0.19 (0.14) | −0.29 (0.13) | −0.23 (0.13) | 0.001 |
| South Africa (Cape Town) | 0.619 (medium) | 63.1 (2013) | 1.47 (0.09) | 0.99 (0.12) | 0.98 (0.13) | 0.95 (0.14) | 0.74 |
| India (Bangalore) | 0.547 (medium) | 33.9 (2009) | 0.01 (0.12) | −0.07 (0.12) | −0.18 (0.12) | −0.26 (0.10) | 0.44 |
| Kenya (Nairobi) | 0.509 (low) | 47.7 (2013) | 0.44 (0.10) | 0.32 (0.09) | 0.05 (0.09) | −0.08 (0.09) | 0.22 |
| HDP scores by country (site) | |||||||
| Australia (Adelaide) | 0.929 (very high) | 34.9 (2010) | 0.16 (0.10) | 0.14 (0.09) | 0.27 (0.10) | 0.37 (0.10) | 0.0002 |
| Canada (Ottawa) | 0.908 (very high) | 32.6 (2013) | 0.08 (0.10) | 0.50 (0.09) | 0.53 (0.12) | 0.57 (0.08) | 0.004 |
| Finland (Helsinki, Espoo and Vantaa) | 0.882 (very high) | 27.7 (2010) | −0.13 (0.10) | −0.05 (0.11) | −0.23 (0.10) | −0.17 (0.08) | 0.34 |
| USA (Baton Rouge) | 0.837 (very high) | 40.8 (2013) | −0.12 (0.10) | −0.01 (0.08) | −0.11 (0.09) | −0.24 (0.11) | 0.07 |
| Portugal (Porto) | 0.819 (very high) | 35.8 (2010) | 0.04 (0.09) | 0.22 (0.08) | 0.17 (0.08) | 0.43 (0.09) | 0.06 |
| United Kingdom (Bath and North East Somerset) | 0.744 (very high) | 36.0 (2013) | −0.10 (0.10) | −0.10 (0.09) | 0.16 (0.10) | 0.16 (0.11) | 0.27 |
| Brazil (Sau Paulo) | 0.718 (high) | 52.9 (2013) | −0.46 (0.08) | −0.43 (0.10) | −0.34 (0.10) | −0.33 (0.12) | 0.24 |
| Colombia (Bogota) | 0.710 (high) | 55.5 (2010) | −0.51 (0.07) | −0.53 (0.08) | −0.45 (0.09) | −0.31 (0.09) | 0.006 |
| China (Tianjin) | 0.687 (medium) | 42.1 (2010) | −0.11 (0.12) | 0.13 (0.12) | 0.07 (0.11) | 0.16 (0.11) | 0.98 |
| South Africa (Cape Town) | 0.619 (medium) | 63.1 (2013) | 0.22 (0.09) | 0.20 (0.11) | 0.40 (0.12) | 0.15 (0.16) | 0.04 |
| India (Bangalore) | 0.547 (medium) | 33.9 (2009) | −0.21 (0.11) | −0.10 (0.11) | −0.15 (0.12) | 0.14 (0.09) | 0.01 |
| Kenya (Nairobi) | 0.509 (low) | 47.7 (2013) | 0.23 (0.10) | 0.25 (0.09) | 0.12 (0.09) | 0.44 (0.09) | 0.45 |
Abbreviations: UDP unhealthy dietary pattern, HDP healthy dietary pattern
aLeast square means for estimates of dietary patterns for each study site
bTest for linear trend across four income levels