Table 3.
Least square means for dietary patterns (UDP; HDP)a by education level for each country (site) arranged from highest to lowest HDI
| Country (site) | 2011 HDI (level) | Gini Index (Year) | Education Level 1 | Education Level 2 | Education Level 3 | P for linear trendb |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UDP scores by country (site) | ||||||
| Australia (Adelaide) | 0.929 (very high) | 34.9 (2010) | −0.09 (0.13) | −0.23 (0.08) | −0.47 (0.09) | 0.003 |
| Canada (Ottawa) | 0.908 (very high) | 32.6 (2013) | 0.29 (0.28) | −0.38 (0.09) | −0.53 (0.08) | 0.0002 |
| Finland (Helsinki, Espoo and Vantaa) | 0.882 (very high) | 27.7 (2010) | 0.00 (0.25) | −0.61 (0.08) | −0.60 (0.09) | <.0001 |
| USA (Baton Rouge) | 0.837 (very high) | 40.8 (2013) | 1.43 (0.14) | 0.99 (0.09) | 0.69 (0.09) | 0.005 |
| Portugal (Porto) | 0.819 (very high) | 35.8 (2010) | −0.23 (0.08) | −0.32 (0.09) | −0.58 (0.10) | 0.04 |
| United Kingdom (Bath and North East Somerset) | 0.744 (very high) | 36.0 (2013) | 0.10 (0.25) | −0.10 (0.08 | −0.35 (0.09) | 0.002 |
| Brazil (Sau Paulo) | 0.718 (high) | 52.9 (2013) | 0.40 (0.10) | 0.05 (0.08) | 0.03 (0.10) | 0.07 |
| Colombia (Bogota) | 0.710 (high) | 55.5 (2010) | −0.09 (0.08) | −0.11 (0.08) | −0.20 (0.11) | 0.56 |
| China (Tianjin) | 0.687 (medium) | 42.1 (2010) | −0.13 (0.14) | −0.22 (0.13) | −0.38 (0.14) | 0.001 |
| South Africa (Cape Town) | 0.619 (medium) | 63.1 (2013) | 1.33 (0.09) | 1.12 (0.10) | 0.84 (0.14) | 0.35 |
| India (Bangalore) | 0.547 (medium) | 33.9 (2009) | −0.11 (0.20) | −0.17 (0.13) | −0.21 (0.11) | 0.08 |
| Kenya (Nairobi) | 0.509 (low) | 47.7 (2013) | 0.29 (0.13) | 0.18 (0.08) | 0.04 (0.08) | 0.01 |
| HDP scores by country (site) | ||||||
| Australia (Adelaide) | 0.929 (very high) | 34.9 (2010) | 0.08 (0.14) | 0.11 (0.08) | 0.38 (0.08) | 0.52 |
| Canada (Ottawa) | 0.908 (very high) | 32.6 (2013) | 0.31 (0.31) | 0.23 (0.09) | 0.51 (0.07) | <.0001 |
| Finland (Helsinki, Espoo and Vantaa) | 0.882 (very high) | 27.7 (2010) | −0.13 (0.28) | −0.12 (0.07) | −0.15 (0.08) | 0.93 |
| USA (Baton Rouge) | 0.837 (very high) | 40.8 (2013) | −0.05 (0.15) | −0.15 (0.08) | −0.04 (0.08) | 0.05 |
| Portugal (Porto) | 0.819 (very high) | 35.8 (2010) | 0.06 (0.07) | 0.24 (0.08) | 0.58 (0.10) | 0.05 |
| United Kingdom (Bath and North East Somerset) | 0.744 (very high) | 36.0 (2013) | −0.24 (0.28) | −0.20 (0.08) | 0.27 (0.08) | 0.91 |
| Brazil (Sau Paulo) | 0.718 (high) | 52.9 (2013) | −0.36 (0.10) | −0.47 (0.08) | −0.35 (0.10) | 0.80 |
| Colombia (Bogota) | 0.710 (high) | 55.5 (2010) | −0.51 (0.07) | −0.51 (0.06) | −0.28 (0.10) | 0.02 |
| China (Tianjin) | 0.687 (medium) | 42.1 (2010) | −0.06 (0.11) | 0.09 (0.10) | 0.21 (0.12) | 0.60 |
| South Africa (Cape Town) | 0.619 (medium) | 63.1 (2013) | 0.23 (0.09) | 0.17 (0.09) | 0.31 (0.14) | 0.10 |
| India (Bangalore) | 0.547 (medium) | 33.9 (2009) | −0.45 (0.21) | −0.19 (0.11) | 0.04 (0.08) | 0.07 |
| Kenya (Nairobi) | 0.509 (low) | 47.7 (2013) | 0.34 (0.13) | 0.24 (0.07) | 0.30 (0.08) | 0.95 |
Abbreviations: UDP unhealthy dietary pattern, HDP healthy dietary pattern
aLeast square means for estimates of dietary patterns for each study site
bTest for linear trend across the three levels of parental education