Table 2.

Paternal OF Behavior Predicts Female Offspring Behavior

Variable	Model 1 Coeff	SEM	Model 2 Coeff	SEM	Model 3 Coeff	SEM
Female Offspring OF Factor
Father OF factor	.416a	.170	.361a	.167	.443a	.214
Ln (mother AN % time)			.520	.307	.561	.369
Ln (mother GP % time)			2.639	1.647	2.151	2.021
Weaning weight					−2.526	3.763
Adult body weight					4.565
Brain weight					3.286	9.293
Hippocampus weight					−2.288	3.330
Litter size					.058	.867
% Females in litter					−.609	.458
Male Offspring OF Factor
Father OF factor	.052	.133	.037		.142	.156
Ln (mother AN % time)			.046	.213	.291	.244
Ln (mother GP % time)			.459	1.374	−.957	1.329
Weaning weight					2.543	1.447
Adult body weight					−.968	2.489
Brain weight					−2.642	4.698
Hippocampus weight					.335	1.658
Litter size					−2.097b	.532
% Females in litter					−.110	.282

Multiple regression models for offspring open-field (OF) behavior. Regression models are created in a step-wise manner. The dependent variable is offspring OF behavior. Model 1 assesses the relationship to the father’s OF behavior. Model 2 adds the possible confounders of maternal care. Model 3 includes all hypothesized confounders and mediators. Male and female offspring are evaluated separately. Significant effects are noted.

Coeff, coefficient; Ln, natural log; AN, arched-back nursing; GP, grooming pups.

^ap < .05.

^bp < .0005.