Figure 6.

Top: Theoretical bias of the fixed effect estimand β _IVW (red solid line) and additive random effect estimand ${\beta }_{IVW}^{ARE}$ (red dashed line) as a function of InSIDE violation in the case of directional pleiotropy (left) and balanced pleiotropy (right). Bottom: Funnel plots of the inverse standard errors versus their causal estimands β _j at ρ=0 and σ _Y = 0.3 for directional pleiotropy (left) and balanced pleiotropy (right). [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]