Table 2.
Conventional echocardiographic and left atrial STE‐derived variables from a population of 23 healthy dogs (A) and 127 dogs with MMVD at different stages
| Variable | A (n = 23) | B1 (n = 52) | B2 (n = 36) | C + D (n = 39) | Overall P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Conventional | |||||
| Heart rate (bpm) | 137 ± 6 | 130 ± 4 | 135 ± 4.8 | 160 ± 4.6 a , c , d | <.001 |
| MV E vel (cm/s) | 71.3 ± 5.64 | 77.2 ± 3.71 | 112.7 ± 4.45 b , c | 139.1 ± 4.31 b , c , d | <.001 |
| MV A vel (cm/s) | 63.2 ± 5.24 | 71.7 ± 3.49 | 83.7 ± 4.19 a | 97.2 ± 4.03 b , c | <.001 |
| MV E/A | 1.2 ± 0.09 | 1.1 ± 0.06 | 1.4 ± 0.07 c | 1.6 ± 0.07 b , c | <.001 |
| STE | |||||
| LAAmax/AoArea | 2.2 (1.9–2.4) | 2.7 (2.4–3.0) | 3.6 (3.3–4.1) b , c | 5.2 (4.7–5.9) b , c , d | <.001 |
| LAAmin/AoArea | 0.9 (0.8–1.1) | 1.3 (1.2–1.5) | 2.0 (1.8–2.3) b , c | 3.5 (3.0–4.0) b , c , d | <.001 |
| FAC (%) | 55.1 ± 2.09 | 49.2 ± 1.39 | 44.7 ± 1.67 b | 36.2 ± 1.60 b , c , d | <.001 |
| PALS (%) | 60.4 ± 2.36 | 49.8 ± 1.57 b | 40.6 ± 1.89 b , c | 28.9 ± 1.81 b , c , d | <.001 |
| PACS (%) | 26.3 ± 1.77 | 24.3 ± 1.18 | 16.5 ± 1.42 b , c | 10.6 ± 1.32 b , c , d | <.001 |
| CSI (%) | 42.8 ± 3.24 | 49 ± 2.16 | 40.0 ± 2.59 b | 33.9 ± 2.49 c | <.001 |
C + D, dogs with MMVD and clinical signs due to congestive heart failure; MV E vel, mitral valve E wave peak velocity; MV A vel, mitral valve A wave peak velocity; E/A, mitral valve peak E; and A wave velocity ratio; LAAmax/AoArea, left atrial maximal area‐to‐aortic area ratio; LAAmin/AoArea, left atrial minimal area‐to‐aortic area ratio; FAC, left atrial fractional area change; PALS, peak atrial longitudinal strain; PACS, peak atrial contraction strain; CSI, contraction strain index; MMVD, myxomatous mitral valve disease; STE, speckle tracking echocardiography.
Data are expressed as LSmeans ± SE. LAAmax/AoArea and LAAmin/AoArea mean values are reported after anti‐log transformation and CI are reported into parentheses. In bold values with statistical differences.
P < .05 compared with group A (healthy dogs).
P < .01 compared with group A.
P ≤ .001 compared with group A.
P < .05 compared with group B1 (dogs with MMVD without heart enlargement).
P < .01 compared with group B1.
P < .001 compared with group B1.
P < .05 compared with group B2 (dogs with MMVD and heart enlargement).
P < .01 compared with group B2.
P ≤ .001 compared with group B2.