Table 2.
Laboratory findings in 22 neonatal diarrheic calves before and after administration of infusions with a hypertonic 8.4% sodium bicarbonate (n = 7), 7.5% sodium chloride (n = 8), or 46.2% glucose solution (n = 7) over a period of 5 minutes and subsequent suckling of an oral electrolyte solution
| Variable | Baseline | Time After Start of Treatment | P‐value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 15 minutes | 30 minutes | 60 minutes | 90 minutes | 120 minutes | Group | Time | Time × group | ||
| Henderson‐Hasselbalch acid‐base model | |||||||||
| pCO2 (mmHg) | |||||||||
| NaBic | 41 ± 7 | 47 ± 8 | 49 ± 8 | 46 ± 8 | 46 ± 9 | 44 ± 8 | .44 | .3 | .014 |
| NaCl | 49 ± 12 | 44 ± 10 | 46 ± 8 | 44 ± 10 | 44 ± 10 | 45 ± 9 | |||
| Gluc | 52 ± 7 | 49 ± 5 | 50 ± 5 | 51 ± 8 | 54 ± 5 | 53 ± 6 | |||
| BE (mmol/L) | |||||||||
| NaBic | −12.2 ± 9.4a | 5.3 ± 7.6*a | 0.6 ± 8.5*a | −0.9 ± 8.5*a | 0.0 ± 9.4*a | −0.3 ± 9.4*a | .001 | <.001 | <.001 |
| NaCl | −15.4 ± 7.5a | −16.7 ± 6.4b | −16.1 ± 6.5b | −15.3 ± 6.3b | −14.0 ± 6.7b | −12.8 ± 7.1b | |||
| Gluc | −9.9 ± 6.8a | −10.5 ± 6.3b | −10.8 ± 6.0b | −9.2 ± 7.2ab | −8.0 ± 7.2ab | −7.5 ± 7.9ab | |||
| AG (mEq/L) | |||||||||
| NaBic | 22.8 ± 4.1 | 20.5 ± 4.7 | 22.8 ± 4.8 | 22.4 ± 4.3 | 21.9 ± 5.3 | 21.7 ± 5.7 | .49 | <.001 | .01 |
| NaCl | 27.3 ± 5.9 | 24.2 ± 5.7* | 24.7 ± 5.1 | 25.1 ± 5.7 | 23.4 ± 5.6* | 22.4 ± 5.4* | |||
| Gluc | 24.8 ± 5.3 | 20.8 ± 4.8* | 22.5 ± 4.8 | 22.8 ± 4.2 | 22.7 ± 4.3 | 21.6 ± 3.8 | |||
| Strong ion difference acid‐base model | |||||||||
| SID3 (mEq/L) | |||||||||
| NaBic | 38.5 ± 5.1*a | 50.7 ± 6.1*a | 48.9 ± 5.8*a | 47.2 ± 6.6*a | 47.5 ± 6.9*a | 46.7 ± 6.8*a | .012 | .008 | <.001 |
| NaCl | 41.6 ± 5.1a | 36.9 ± 5.0*b | 38.1 ± 4.7b | 38.8 ± 5.0b | 38.0 ± 5.1b | 38.0 ± 4.8b | |||
| Gluc | 43.5 ± 7.9a | 38.4 ± 7.4*b | 39.9 ± 7.3b | 41.7 ± 6.9ab | 43.0 ± 6.3ab | 42.1 ± 6.2ab | |||
| SID7 (mEq/L) | |||||||||
| NaBic | 36.0 ± 6.0a | 45.9 ± 7.1*a | 43.9 ± 6.5*a | 42.6 ± 7.7*a | 43.1 ± 7.7*a | 42.9 ± 8.0*a | .14 | .011 | <.001 |
| NaCl | 39.2 ± 4.0a | 34.8 ± 4.3*b | 36.2 ± 3.9*b | 37.1 ± 4.1a | 36.5 ± 5.0a | 36.7 ± 4.7a | |||
| Gluc | 41.1 ± 5.3a | 35.3 ± 4.7*b | 36.4 ± 4.8*b | 38.7 ± 4.4a | 40.5 ± 4.4a | 39.9 ± 4.4a | |||
| A− (mEq/L) | |||||||||
| NaBic | 13.0 ± 2.7a | 12.9 ± 1.4a | 13.1 ± 1.7a | 13.3 ± 1.9a | 13.2 ± 2.0a | 13.4 ± 2.2a | .068 | <.001 | <.001 |
| NaCl | 13.0 ± 2.3a | 10.1 ± 1.9*b | 10.8 ± 1.9*a | 11.4 ± 1.8*a | 11.7 ± 1.7a | 11.9 ± 1.9a | |||
| Gluc | 13.7 ± 1.6a | 9.7 ± 1.4*b | 10.8 ± 1.6*a | 12.0 ± 1.7*a | 12.5 ± 1.8a | 12.9 ± 1.8a | |||
| SIG (mEq/L) | |||||||||
| NaBic | −9.3 ± 5.8a | −7.6 ± 5.1*a | −9.7 ± 5.6a | −9.1 ± 4.8a | −8.6 ± 5.9a | −8.2 ± 6.1a | .25 | <.001 | <.001 |
| NaCl | −14.3 ± 7.4a | −14.0 ± 6.9b | −13.9 ± 6.2a | −13.7 ± 6.5a | −11.7 ± 6.0a | −10.5 ± 6.1a | |||
| Gluc | −11.2 ± 5.0a | −11.1 ± 5.1ab | −11.7 ± 4.8a | −10.8 ± 4.5a | −10.2 ± 4.6a | −8.7 ± 4.3a | |||
| Clinical biochemistry analysis | |||||||||
| l‐lactate (mmol/L) | |||||||||
| NaBic | 3.0 ± 1.9 | 4.6 ± 3.0* | 5.0 ± 3.1* | 4.7 ± 3.0* | 4.3 ± 2.8 | 4.0 ± 2.7 | .86 | .001 | .002 |
| NaCl | 4.6 ± 3.6 | 4.3 ± 3.6 | 4.1 ± 3.4 | 3.8 ± 3.5 | 3.6 ± 3.2 | 3.4 ± 3.1 | |||
| Gluc | 4.6 ± 2.8 | 4.9 ± 2.6 | 5.4 ± 2.4 | 5.0 ± 2.6 | 4.6 ± 2.4 | 4.2 ± 2.4 | |||
| d‐lactate (mmol/L) | |||||||||
| NaBic | 2.25 (0.46–2.91) | 2.52 (0.54–3.47) | 2.47 (0.59–3.40) | 2.48 (0.60–3.28) | 2.47 (0.58–3.17) | 2.33 (0.58–3.21) | .79 | .27 | .079 |
| NaCl | 1.47 (0.78–3.82) | 1.40 (0.61–3.21) | 1.41 (0.71–3.40) | 1.48 (0.83–3.57) | 1.46 (0.72–3.69) | 1.47 (0.87–3.51) | |||
| Gluc | 1.37 (0.25–4.94) | 1.41 (0.23–4.86) | 1.37 (0.30–4.85) | 1.36 (0.34–5.03) | 1.38 (0.31–4.99) | 1.38 (0.24–5.23) | |||
| Urea (mmol/L) | |||||||||
| NaBic | 18.6 ± 7.7a | 18.3 ± 7.6a | 18.3 ± 7.8a | 18.3 ± 7.8a | 18.0 ± 7.7a | 17.9 ± 7.8a | .015 | .019 | .68 |
| NaCl | 31.7 ± 12.2b | 31.2 ± 12.0*b | 31.2 ± 12.0b | 31.2 ± 12.3b | 31.1 ± 12.5b | 30.8 ± 12.5b | |||
| Gluc | 18.2 ± 5.1a | 18.0 ± 5.0a | 18.0 ± 5.1a | 17.9 ± 5.2a | 17.9 ± 5.3a | 17.9 ± 5.4a | |||
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | |||||||||
| NaBic | 317 (150–401) | 300 (142–377)* | 307 (138–370)* | 297 (136–357)* | 290 (129–342)* | 287 (125–331)* | .4 | <.001 | .32 |
| NaCl | 406 (206–708) | 380 (190–666)* | 385 (186–683)* | 384 (180–694)* | 379 (175–699)* | 371 (170–702) | |||
| Gluc | 327 (245–406) | 317 (246–392) | 319 (238–404) | 314 (230–413) | 311 (228–425) | 306 (219–426) | |||
| Total protein (g/L) | |||||||||
| NaBic | 68.9 ± 7.0a | 54.9 ± 4.8*ab | 59.2 ± 4.9*a | 60.1 ± 6.1*a | 59.5 ± 6.4*a | 59.9 ± 7.1*a | .22 | <.001 | <.001 |
| NaCl | 76.0 ± 7.0a | 59.9 ± 5.8*a | 63.6 ± 5.1*a | 65.0 ± 4.7*a | 65.1 ± 5.2*a | 64.6 ± 5.0*a | |||
| Gluc | 72.9 ± 8.8a | 51.4 ± 5.9*b | 57.8 ± 7.3*a | 63.0 ± 8.2*a | 65.4 ± 8.1*a | 66.7 ± 8.6*a | |||
| P (mmol/L) | |||||||||
| NaBic | 3.7 ± 1.1 | 3.4 ± 1.0* | 3.4 ± 0.9* | 3.3 ± 0.9 | 3.2 ± 0.9* | 3.1 ± 0.9* | .78 | <.001 | .052 |
| NaCl | 4.1 ± 1.3 | 3.6 ± 1.1* | 3.6 ± 1.1* | 3.6 ± 1.1* | 3.5 ± 1.0* | 3.4 ± 1.0* | |||
| Gluc | 3.9 ± 0.9 | 3.4 ± 0.9* | 3.3 ± 0.9* | 3.1 ± 0.9* | 3.1 ± 0.9* | 3.0 ± 0.9* | |||
| Electrolytes | |||||||||
| Cl (mmol/L) | |||||||||
| NaBic | 97 ± 12a | 92 ± 12*a | 93 ± 12*a | 94 ± 12*ab | 94 ± 12*a | 94 ± 12*a | .012 | <.001 | <.001 |
| NaCl | 94 ± 7a | 110 ± 7*b | 108 ± 7*b | 106 ± 7*a | 106 ± 7*a | 106 ± 7*a | |||
| Gluc | 98 ± 10a | 89 ± 9*a | 91 ± 10*a | 93 ± 10*b | 94 ± 10*a | 96 ± 11*a | |||
| Ca (mmol/L) | |||||||||
| NaBic | 1.18 (1.16–1.21)a | 0.97 (0.94–1.01)*a | 1.02 (0.98–1.08)*a | 0.99 (0.92–1.02)*a | 0.99 (0.90–1.09)*a | 1.02 (0.94–1.08)*a | .018 | <.001 | <.001 |
| NaCl | 1.20 (1.10–1.28)a | 1.17 (1.09–1.23)b | 1.18 (1.13–1.26)a | 1.20 (1.16–1.23)b | 1.18 (1.15–1.23)b | 1.17 (1.13–1.22)b | |||
| Gluc | 1.18 (1.14–1.33)a | 1.08 (1.05–1.23)*b | 1.12 (1.11–1.26)*a | 1.18 (1.12–1.27)b | 1.16 (1.12–1.27)b | 1.18 (1.13–1.23)b | |||
| Mg (mmol/L) | |||||||||
| NaBic | 1.06 ± 0.23a | 0.88 ± 0.18*a | 0.92 ± 0.18*a | 0.91 ± 0.17*a | 0.91 ± 0.16*a | 0.91 ± 0.13*a | .03 | <.001 | .013 |
| NaCl | 1.36 ± 0.30a | 1.22 ± 0.24*b | 1.24 ± 0.24*b | 1.27 ± 0.23b | 1.25 ± 0.25b | 1.23 ± 0.24*b | |||
| Gluc | 1.30 ± 0.32a | 1.09 ± 0.24*ab | 1.14 ± 0.24*ab | 1.19 ± 0.25ab | 1.22 ± 0.24b | 1.23 ± 0.24b | |||
| Hematology | |||||||||
| PCV (%) | |||||||||
| NaBic | 46 ± 13 | 37 ± 10* | 39 ± 11* | 39 ± 11* | 39 ± 11* | 39 ± 11* | .78 | <.001 | <.001 |
| NaCl | 46 ± 7 | 38 ± 7* | 40 ± 7* | 40 ± 7* | 40 ± 7* | 41 ± 8* | |||
| Gluc | 51 ± 12 | 37 ± 10* | 40 ± 10* | 43 ± 11* | 45 ± 11* | 45 ± 11* | |||
| Hb (mmol/L) | |||||||||
| NaBic | 9.0 ± 2.4 | 7.4 ± 1.9* | 7.8 ± 1.9* | 7.8 ± 2.0* | 7.7 ± 2.0* | 7.7 ± 2.0* | .89 | <.001 | <.001 |
| NaCl | 9.0 ± 1.5 | 7.6 ± 1.3* | 7.9 ± 1.4* | 8.0 ± 1.4* | 8.0 ± 1.4* | 8.0 ± 1.5* | |||
| Gluc | 9.6 ± 2.2 | 7.2 ± 1.8* | 7.7 ± 1.7* | 8.3 ± 1.9* | 8.6 ± 2.0* | 8.7 ± 2.0* | |||
pCO2, partial pressure of carbon dioxide; BE, base excess; AG, anion gap; SID3, strong ion difference calculated from 3 strong cations and anions; SID7, strong ion difference calculated from 7 strong cations and anions; A−, total net anion charge of nonvolatile weak acids; SIG, strong ion gap; PCV, packed cell volume; Hb, hemoglobin; Δ Plasma vol., Change in plasma volume extrapolated from the change in total protein concentration; P, inorganic phosphorus. Laboratory findings at t = 7, 10, 20, 40, 50, and 75 minutes after start of treatment are not shown but were included in the repeated‐measures ANOVA if available.
Values are reported as mean ± SD or median and interquartile ranges. Different letters indicate a statistical significant difference between groups at the respective time point (P < .05). Asterisks indicate values that are significantly different from baseline (P < .05).