Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics by Improvement, Worsening, or Stable Renal Function Over the 72-H Intervention Period
| Characteristic | Stable RF (n = 219) | WRF (n = 54) | IRF (n = 28) | P Value Overall | P Value IRF vs WRF |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics/medical history | |||||
| Age | 66.4 ± 13.4 | 64.7 ± 14.7 | 65.9 ± 13.5 | .719 | .706 |
| Male sex | 72.6% | 70.4% | 85.7% | .286 | .125 |
| Black race | 23.7% | 27.8% | 25.0% | .826 | .788 |
| HF hospitalization in past year | 74.9% | 75.9% | 67.9% | .697 | .434 |
| Nonischemic etiology | 49.8% | 53.7% | 53.6% | .835 | .991 |
| Diabetes | 49.3% | 72.2% | 39.3% | .004* | .004* |
| Hypertension | 78.1% | 92.6% | 75.0% | .042* | .027* |
| Stroke | 13.2% | 7.4% | 14.3% | .472 | .435 |
| Gout | 20.5% | 33.3% | 21.4% | .132 | .261 |
| Ejection fraction (%) | 33.2 ± 17.2 | 37.2 ± 18.6 | 39.7 ± 16.7 | .089 | .545 |
| Physical examination | |||||
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 119 ± 19.6 | 122 ± 20.9 | 111 ± 16.8 | .073 | .025* |
| Heart rate (beats/min) | 78 ± 16 | 79 ± 16 | 78 ± 14 | .953 | .880 |
| Jugular venous pressure ≥8 cm | 61.3% | 44.7% | 59.3% | .111 | .227 |
| Edema >2+ | 29.2% | 25.9% | 39.3% | .444 | .213 |
| Rales | 56.9% | 66.0% | 53.6% | .419 | .272 |
| Medications | |||||
| ACE or ARB | 66.7% | 61.1% | 46.4% | .100 | .204 |
| Beta blocker | 83.1% | 81.5% | 89.3% | .651 | .359 |
| Loop diuretic dose (mg furosemide equivalents) | 120 (80, 160) | 160 (80, 240) | 160 (120, 230) | .072 | .150 |
| Digoxin | 30.6% | 29.6% | 25.0% | .830 | .658 |
| Aldosterone antagonist | 27.4% | 29.6% | 25.0% | .900 | .658 |
| Laboratory values | |||||
| Sodium (mEq/L) | 138 ± 3.7 | 139 ± 3.3 | 136 ± 4.1 | .008* | .003* |
| Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL) | 34 ± 20 | 38 ± 25 | 61 ± 25 | <.001* | <.001* |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.5 ± 0.5 | 1.5 ± 0.5 | 2.1 ± 0.4 | <.001* | <.001* |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 50.6 ± 23.7 | 63.8 ± 25.3 | 38.3 ± 12.3 | <.001* | .001* |
| NT-proBNP (pg/mL) | 4195 (2560, 10,429) | 4238 (1991, 8066) | 7174 (3676, 18,754) | .071 | .041* |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 11.7 ± 2.0 | 11.6 ± 2.1 | 11.4 ± 2.0 | .658 | .721 |
IRF and (WRF) defined by a >0.3 change in serum creatinine.
ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; HF, heart failure, IRF, improvement in renal function; NT-proBNP: amino terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide; RF, renal function; WRF, worsening renal function.
*
Significant P value.