Table 2.

Parent Responses to Children’s Influence Attempts: Frequency of Use at First Exchange and Overall.

Code	Operationalization	First exchange (n = 108); % (n)	Overall usage (n = 249); % (n)
No reaction	No response either with silence or otherwise acting as though the request was not heard	24.1 (26)	21.3 (53)
Hard no	Refuses with no explanation or told to return item	22.2 (24)	15.7 (39)
Yes	Agrees to purchase, including nonverbal (nods)	13.9 (15)	22.5 (56)
Explanation	Nonconfrontational explanation, with or without no. Refuses, but suggests the item might be purchased at another time	16.7 (18)	12.4 (31)
Select	Open: From a general product category (e.g., “What chips do you want?”); Closed: From a finite number of options provided by parent (e.g., “Do you want plain or barbeque chips?”)	11.1 (12)	14.5 (36)
Other	Does not fit previously defined categories	8.3 (9)	9.2 (23)
Wait	Stalls, either to manage requests or because occupied	2.8 (3)	1.2 (3)
Suggests other	Includes suggesting different size or quantity within product category. Excludes: Same product, but different brand	0.1 (1)	3.2 (8)