Table 1.
Quantitative kinematic factors from a variety of laboratories a
| Age, y | Knee flexion at front foot contact, deg | Trunk rotation timing, % of the pitch | Maximum shoulder external rotation, deg | Shoulder abduction at max external rotation, deg | Elbow flexion at ball release, deg | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Collegiate/Professional Studies | ||||||
| Aguinaldo and Chambers2 | 20 ± 2 | NA | −1 ± 28 (onset) | 169 ± 16 | NA | 41 ± 24 |
| Fleisig et al24 | 20 ± 1 | 38 ± 9 | 50 ± 9 (max) | 178 ± 7 | NA | 29 ± 6 |
| Werner et al53 | 20 ± 2 | 47 ± 15 | NA | 158 ± 10 | NA | 57 ± 13 |
| Youth Studies | ||||||
| Nissen et al39 | 12 | NA | 35 ± 6 (max) | 168 ± 10 | 66 ± 17 | 39 ± 10 |
| Sabick et al48 | 12 ± 0.4 | NA | NA | 166 ± 9 | 92 ± 8 | 25 ± 14 |
max, maximum; NA, not available.
a
Reported as mean ± SD.