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. 2017 Jan 1;9(3):216–221. doi: 10.1177/1941738116686545

Table 2.

Quantitative kinetic factors from a variety of laboratories a

Shoulder internal rotation torque, N·m Shoulder proximal force, N Elbow varus torque, N·m
Collegiate/Professional Studies
Aguinaldo and Chambers2 NA NA 50 ± 29
Fleisig et al24 84 ± 13 1056 ± 157 82 ± 13
Werner et al53 NA 81 ± 10% BW 3 ± 1% BW*Ht
Youth Studies
Nissen et al39 27 ± 112 NA 27 ± 12
Sabick et al48 NA NA 18 ± 4

BW, body weight; Ht, height; NA, not available.

a

Reported as mean ± SD.