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Quantitative kinetic factors from a variety of laboratories a
| Shoulder internal rotation torque, N·m | Shoulder proximal force, N | Elbow varus torque, N·m | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Collegiate/Professional Studies | |||
| Aguinaldo and Chambers2 | NA | NA | 50 ± 29 |
| Fleisig et al24 | 84 ± 13 | 1056 ± 157 | 82 ± 13 |
| Werner et al53 | NA | 81 ± 10% BW | 3 ± 1% BW*Ht |
| Youth Studies | |||
| Nissen et al39 | 27 ± 112 | NA | 27 ± 12 |
| Sabick et al48 | NA | NA | 18 ± 4 |
BW, body weight; Ht, height; NA, not available.
Reported as mean ± SD.
