Table 2. Mean participant performance across cognitive measures.
| Cognitive Measure | All Participants (N = 133) |
Hypertensive (n = 71) |
Non-Hypertensive (n = 62) |
Cohen’s d a |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MMSE (0–30) | 28.5 (1.4) | 28.4 (1.5) | 28.7 (1.4) | -.21 |
| CVLT-II Trials 1–5 (0–80) | 45.6 (10.0) | 44.6 (10.5) | 46.8 (9.3) | -.22 |
| CVLT-II Short Delay Free Recall | 9.3 (3.0) | 9.0 (3.2) | 9.7 (2.7) | -.24 |
| CVLT-II Long Delay Free Recall | 9.9 (3.1) | 9.6 (3.3) | 10.2 (2.7) | -.20 |
| WAIS-III Digit Symbol Coding | 58.3 (14.1) | 56.5 (13.9) | 60.4 (14.2) | -.28 |
| D-KEFS Trail Making Number-Letter Switching (seconds) | 103.7 (38.8) | 106.2 (40.1) | 100.9 (37.4) | .14 |
| D-KEFS Color-Word Interference Inhibition (seconds) | 65.8 (17.1) | 66.8 (17.5) | 64.6 (16.8) | .13 |
| D-KEFS Letter Fluency | 39.5 (12.2) | 10.9 (3.3) | 11.6 (4.0) | -.19 |
| D-KEFS Animal Fluency | 18 (4.8) | 17.1 (4.1) | 19.0 (5.3) | -.40* |
| Everyday Problem Solving | 32.9 (13.4) | 30.0 (11.3) | 36.2 (15.0) | -.47** |
| Everyday Problems Test (0–36) | 25 (6.3) | 24.3 (6.7) | 25.8 (5.7) | -.24 |
| Everyday Cognitive Battery Knowledge (0–30) | 22.8 (2.7) | 22.1 (2.7) | 23.5 (2.5) | -.54** |
Raw scores are presented as means and standard deviations M (SD). MMSE = Mini Mental Status Examination. CVLT-II = California Verbal Learning Test-II. WAIS-III = Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third Edition. D-KEFS = Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System. Trail Making and Color-Word subtests are scored in seconds, where higher score indicates worse performance.
a Effect sizes comparing Hypertensive and Non-Hypertensive group means were examined using Cohen’s d in conjunction with independent-sample t-tests for group mean comparisons as indicated by *p < .05, ** p < .01, + p < .001.