Table 2.
Kakwani index of various financing sources and total health financing
| Payments | Weight | Concentration index | Kakwani index | Dominance test against Lorenz |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Direct taxes | 0.185 | 0.789 | 0.336 | + |
| Indirect taxes | 0.453 | 0.297 | −0.155 | |
| VAT | − | 0.410 | −0.043 | – |
| Custom taxes | − | 0.251 | −0.202 | – |
| Out-of-pocket payments | 0.287 | 0.551 | 0.098 | + |
| Voluntary insurance | 0.075 | 0.776 | 0.323 | + |
| Total health financing | 1.000 | 0.493 | 0.041 |
Dominance tests: + indicates the Lorenz curve dominates the concentration curve (progressive).
– indicates concentration curve dominates the Lorenz curve (regressive).
VAT, value added tax.