Table 3. Summary of neuropsychological findings from 14 selected studies.
| Study (Author, year) | Group A or B Analysis | Neuropsychological Test | Cohen’s d | Standard Error |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Axelrod et al, 1996[23] | Group A | |||
| Trail Making Test, B | 1.28 | 0.25 | ||
| Finger Tapping, dominant | -0.48 | 0.22 | ||
| Finger Tapping, non -dominant | -0.54 | 0.22 | ||
| Pegboard, dominant | -0.63 | 0.24 | ||
| Goldstein et al., 1997[24] | Group A | |||
| Trail Making Test, B | 0.25 | 0.27 | ||
| Pegboard, dominant | 0.18 | 0.27 | ||
| Hom et al., 1997[14] | Group B | |||
| WRAT Reading | 0.08 | 0.30 | ||
| Block Design | -1.57 | 0.34 | ||
| Trail Making Test, A | 0.11 | 0.30 | ||
| Trail Making Test, B | 0.69 | 0.31 | ||
| Sillanpaa et al., 1997[25] | Group A | |||
| Pegboard, dominant | 0.76 | 0.24 | ||
| White et al., 2001[28] | Group A | |||
| Block Design | -0.47 | 0.16 | ||
| Trail Making Test, A | 0.22 | 0.16 | ||
| Digit span, forward | 0.00 | 0.16 | ||
| Trail Making Test, B | 0.13 | 0.16 | ||
| Digit Span, backwards | -0.17 | 0.16 | ||
| CVLT, Trials 1–5 | -0.04 | 0.16 | ||
| CVLT, long delay | -0.03 | 0.16 | ||
| CVLT, short delay | 0.07 | 0.16 | ||
| CVLT, recognition | -0.21 | 0.16 | ||
| WMS, immediate recall | 0.06 | 0.16 | ||
| WMS, delay recall | 0.12 | 0.16 | ||
| Finger tapping, dominant | -0.06 | 0.16 | ||
| Finger tapping, non-dominant | 0.06 | 0.16 | ||
| Bunegin et al., 2001[15] | Group B | |||
| CPT, Reaction time | -0.14 | 0.50 | ||
| Lange et al., 2001[16] | Group B | |||
| CPT, Reaction time | 0.85 | 0.23 | ||
| David et al., 2002[18] | Group A | |||
| Block Design | -2.53 | 0.28 | ||
| Proctor et al., 2003[29] | Group A | |||
| Block Design | -0.18 | 0.14 | ||
| Trail Making Test, A | 0.22 | 0.14 | ||
| Trail Making Test, B | 0.31 | 0.15 | ||
| CVLT, Trials 1–5 | -0.32 | 0.15 | ||
| CVLT, short delay | -0.25 | 0.14 | ||
| CVLT, long delay | -0.20 | 0.14 | ||
| WMS, immediate recall | -0.14 | 0.14 | ||
| WMS, delay recall | -0.16 | 0.14 | ||
| Sullivan et al., 2003[21] | Group A | |||
| Block Design | -2.43 | 0.19 | ||
| Trail Making Test, A | 0.43 | 0.16 | ||
| Digit span, forward | -1.00 | 0.16 | ||
| Trail Making Test, B | 0.36 | 0.15 | ||
| Digit span, backwards | -0.19 | 0.15 | ||
| CVLT, trials 1–5 | -0.26 | 0.15 | ||
| CVLT, short delay | -0.47 | 0.16 | ||
| CVLT, long delay | -0.42 | 0.16 | ||
| CVLT, recognition | -0.33 | 0.15 | ||
| WMS, immediate recall | -0.36 | 0.15 | ||
| WMS, delay recall | -0.55 | 0.16 | ||
| Finger tapping, dominant | -0.10 | 0.15 | ||
| Finger tapping, non-dominant | -0.09 | 0.15 | ||
| Wallin et al., 2009A,[17] | Group B | |||
| WRAT reading | -0.13 | 0.32 | ||
| Block Design | -0.73 | 0.33 | ||
| Trail Making Test, A | 0.39 | 0.32 | ||
| Trail Making Test, B | 0.51 | 0.33 | ||
| CVLT, long delay | -0.66 | 0.33 | ||
| Pegboard, dominant | 0.37 | 0.32 | ||
| Pegboard, non-dominant | 0.31 | 0.32 | ||
| Toomey et al., 2009[20] | Group A | |||
| Trail Making Test, A | 0.06 | 0.04 | ||
| Digit span, forward | -0.09 | 0.04 | ||
| Digit span, backwards | -0.09 | 0.04 | ||
| CVLT, trials 1–5 | -0.06 | 0.04 | ||
| CVLT, short delay | -0.03 | 0.04 | ||
| CVLT, long delay | -0.02 | 0.04 | ||
| CVLT, recognition | 0.00 | 0.04 | ||
| Finger tapping, dominant | -0.01 | 0.04 | ||
| Finger tapping, non-dominant | -0.03 | 0.04 | ||
| Chao et al., 2010[26] | Group B | |||
| WRAT reading | -0.13 | 0.22 | ||
| Block Design | -0.32 | 0.23 | ||
| CPT, reaction time | 0.42 | 0.26 | ||
| Trail Making Test, A | 0.01 | 0.22 | ||
| Trail Making Test, B | -0.04 | 0.22 | ||
| CVLT, long delay | -0.34 | 0.23 | ||
| Pegboard, dominant | 0.00 | 0.22 | ||
| Pegboard, non-dominant | 0.27 | 0.22 | ||
| Chao et al., 2011[27] | Group B | |||
| CPT, reaction time | 0.38 | 0.18 | ||
| Trail Making Test, A | -0.64 | 0.18 | ||
| Trial Making Test, B | -0.10 | 0.18 | ||
| CVLT, long delay | -0.13 | 0.18 | ||
| Pegboard, dominant | -0.28 | 0.18 | ||
| Pegboard, non-dominant | -0.36 | 0.18 |
CVLT, California Verbal Learning Test; WMS, Wechsler Memory Scale; CPT, Continuous Performance Test; WRAT, Wechsler Reading Achievement Test