Table 2.

Characteristics Associated with Past Year Nonmedical Opioid Use among US Pregnant Women, 2005–2014

Characteristic	aOR (95% CI)	P-value
Age, years
12–25	1.38 (1.00, 1.90)	0.05
≥26	(reference)
Trimester
First	1.34 (0.93, 1.92)	0.12
Second	0.92 (0.69, 1.24)	0.60
Third	(reference)
Anxiety or Depression in Past Year
Yes	2.15 (1.52, 3.04)	< 0.001
No	(reference)
Alcohol in Past Year
Yes	1.56 (1.11, 2.17)	0.01
No	(reference)
Tobacco in Past Year
Yes	1.72 (1.17, 2.53)	0.01
No	(reference)
Marijuana in Past Year
Yes	3.44 (2.47, 4.81)	< 0.001
No	(reference)
Race/Ethnicity
Non-Hispanic Caucasian	1.61 (1.09, 2.36)	0.02
Non-Hispanic Other	0.96 (0.48, 1.90)	0.90
Hispanic	1.16 (0.72, 1.87)	0.56
Non-Hispanic African American	(reference)
Insurance
Medicaid/CHIP/CHAMPUS	1.40 (1.02, 1.94)	0.04
None	1.57 (1.08, 2.29)	0.02
Private	(reference)
Marital Status
Unmarried	1.60 (1.10, 2.32)	0.02
Married	(reference)
Self-reported Health Status
Very Good	1.28 (0.85, 1.92)	0.25
Good	1.38 (0.89, 2.14)	0.16
Fair or Poor	2.40 (1.20, 4.76)	0.02
Excellent	(reference)
Education
12–17 or Some High School	1.18 (0.85, 1.65)	0.32
High School Graduate	1.01 (0.69, 1.48)	0.98
Some Post-secondary or More	(reference)

^*All model estimates incorporate NSDUH survey sampling design and weights and include a linear spline with three knots to control for year.