Table 3. Biennial hazards of incident cognitive impairment by race, ethnicity and nativity adjusting for individual and neighborhood census tract characteristics of U.S. adults age 51 and older in the Health and Retirement Survey (HRS), 2000-2010 a.
| Model 1 HR (95% CI) | Model 2 HR (95% CI) | Model 3 HR (95% CI) | Model 4 HR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age in years (time-varying) | 1.10 (1.09, 1.11) | 1.10 (1.09, 1.11) | 1.10 (1.09, 1.11) | 1.10 (1.09, 1.11) |
| Race/ethnicity and nativity (reference: US-born non-Hispanic white) | ||||
| US-born non-Hispanic black | 3.07 (2.67, 3.52) | 2.35 (2.02, 2.73) | 2.36 (2.03, 2.75) | 2.42 (2.02, 2.90) |
| US-born Mexican American | 2.61 (1.99, 3.43) | 1.46 (1.10, 1.93) | 1.27 (0.94, 1.72) | 1.13 (0.47, 2.73) |
| Foreign-born Mexican American | 3.39 (2.45, 4.69) | 0.77 (0.55, 1.08) | 0.64 (0.45, 0.93) | 0.82 (0.23, 2.92) |
| Female (reference: Male) | 0.83 (0.74, 0.92) | 0.80 (0.71, 0.90) | 0.80 (0.71, 0.90) | 0.80 (0.71, 0.90) |
| Highest educational attainment in years | 0.87 (0.85, 0.89) | 0.87 (0.85, 0.89) | 0.87 (0.85, 0.89) | |
| Female* Highest educational attainment | 0.94 (0.91, 0.97) | 0.94 (0.91, 0.98) | 0.94 (0.91, 0.98) | |
| Marital status in 2000 (reference: married) | ||||
| Partnered | 1.16 (0.85, 1.59) | 1.15 (0.84, 1.58) | 1.15 (0.84, 1.58) | |
| Separated/divorced | 0.98 (0.83, 1.17) | 0.98 (0.82, 1.16) | 0.98 (0.82, 1.16) | |
| Widowed | 0.90 (0.75, 1.07) | 0.90 (0.75, 1.07) | 0.90 (0.75, 1.07) | |
| Never married | 1.14 (0.81, 1.59) | 1.13 (0.81, 1.58) | 1.13 (0.81, 1.58) | |
| Assets in 2000 (natural logarithm of dollars) | 0.95 (0.94, 0.97) | 0.95 (0.94, 0.97) | 0.95 (0.94, 0.97) | |
| Neighborhood census tract characteristics in 2000 | ||||
| Neighborhood socioeconomic status (reference: quintile 3) | ||||
| Quintile 1 | 0.98 (0.83, 1.15) | 0.94 (0.80, 1.12) | 0.94 (0.80, 1.12) | |
| Quintile 2 | 0.95 (0.82, 1.10) | 0.93 (0.80, 1.08) | 0.93 (0.80, 1.08) | |
| Quintile 4 | 0.80 (0.69, 0.93) | 0.81 (0.75, 1.07) | 0.81 (0.69, 0.94) | |
| Quintile 5 | 0.72 (0.61, 0.86) | 0.74 (0.81, 1.58) | 0.74 (0.62, 0.88) | |
| Log-percent of foreign-born Mexican American | 1.08 (1.02, 1.15) | 1.09 (1.01, 1.17) | ||
| Log-percent of foreign-born Mexican American * US-born non-Hispanic black | 0.97 (0.84, 1.11) | |||
| Log-percent of foreign-born Mexican American * US-born Mexican American | 1.04 (0.75, 1.46) | |||
| Log-percent of foreign-born Mexican American * Foreign-born Mexican American | 0.92 (0.63, 1.36) | |||
| Model dAIC | 13581.5 | 13167.1 | 13162.8 | 13168.2 |
Abbreviations: HR= hazard ratio, CI=confidence interval; dAIC=designed-based Akaike information criterion.
a
Data come from the HRS cohort. All statistics are sample-weighted and adjusted for the stratified sampling design and clustering of households within census tracts. Model 1 and Model 2 employ data on 7,076 unique individuals with 32,243 biennial person-years of observations.