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. 2017 May 17;7:2031. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-02132-1

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Spiracle and tracheal system in the prothoracic segment. (a) Overview indicating the spiracle in the prothoracic (sp2) and mesothoracic (sp3) segment. Box area in (a) is shown in (b). (b) Scanning electron micrograph of the elongated spiracle in the prothoracic segment which is closed by three valves. (c) Schematic of the tracheal system in the prothorax (ventral view). Two tracheae (AnTr, PostTr) enter the prothoracic leg (Pro). Nerves originating from the prothoracic ganglion (pg) are simplified. Abbreviations: AntTr, anterior trachea, CeTr, cephalic trachea; Ch, tracheal chiasma; DAV, dorsal anterior valve; LdTr, laterodorsal trachea; LTr, lateral trachea; pg, prothoracic ganglion; PostTr, posterior trachea; Pro, prothoracic leg; PV, posterior valve; SvTr, supraventral trachea; TrC, transverse commissure; VAV, ventral anterior valve; VlTr, ventral longitudinal trachea. Scales: (a) =5 mm; (b) =250 µm; (c) =500 µm.