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. 2017 May 17;7:2030. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-02149-6

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Ambiguity Task Diagram. After a brief fixation period (A), participants were presented with a virtual “bag” of exactly 100 poker chips, all of which are colored either red or blue. On each trial, participants receive partial information about the number of red (winning) and blue (losing) chips. Participants were asked to indicate their willingness to pay (WTP) for a red ticket (B). In this sample trial, there are 7 red (winning) chips visible, 49 blue (losing) chips visible, and 44 chips that are not visible and thus not known to the participant. Participants selected a response to the question by moving a marker across the response bar.