Table 2.
Direct antiviral activity of HDPs.
| HDPs | Target virusa | Mechanisms of action | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| α-defensins | |||
| HNP1 | CMV, HIV-1, HSV-1/HSV-2, IAV, VSV, AAV, HAdV, HPV, PyV | Envelope disruption, block receptor binding, receptor downmodulation, extracellular aggregation, block fusion, block uncoating, block genome nuclear import, cell signaling modulation, block gene expression | Daher, Selsted and Lehrer (1986), Virella-Lowell et al. (2000), Buck et al. (2006), Hazrati et al. (2006), Salvatore et al. (2007), Dugan et al. (2008), Smith and Nemerow (2008), Doss et al. (2009), Smith et al. (2010), Wei et al. (2010), Demirkhanyan et al. (2012), Wilson, Wiens and Smith (2013) |
| HNP2 | HIV-1, HSV-1/HSV-2, IAV, AAV, HPV | Block receptor binding, receptor downmodulation, extracellular aggregation, block fusion, cell signaling modulation | Daher, Selsted and Lehrer (1986), Virella-Lowell et al. (2000), Buck et al. (2006), Hazrati et al. (2006), Salvatore et al. (2007), Doss et al. (2009) |
| HNP3 | HIV-1, HSV-1/HSV-2, IAV, HPV | Block receptor binding, receptor downmodulation, extracellular aggregation, block fusion, cell signaling modulation | Buck et al. (2006), Hazrati et al. (2006), Salvatore et al. (2007), Doss et al. (2009) |
| HNP4 | HIV-1, HSV-1/HSV-2, IAV, HPV | Block receptor binding, receptor downmodulation, cell signaling modulation | Wu et al. (2005), Hazrati et al. (2006), Salvatore et al. (2007), Doss et al. (2009) |
| HD5 | HSV-1/HSV-2, IAV, HAdV, HPV, PyV | Block receptor binding, induce viral aggregation, block uncoating, block genome nuclear import, DNA interaction, block gene expression | Buck et al. (2006), Hazrati et al. (2006), Dugan et al. (2008), Smith and Nemerow (2008), Doss et al. (2009), Smith et al. (2010), Mathew and Nagaraj (2015) |
| HD6 | HSV-1/HSV-2, IAV | Block receptor binding | Hazrati et al. (2006), Doss et al. (2009) |
| β-defensins | |||
| hBD1 | IAV, PyV | Block fusion | Doss et al. (2009) |
| hBD2 | HIV-1, HPIV-3, IAV, RSV, VZV, PyV | Envelope disruption, receptor downmodulation, block fusion, cell signaling modulation, block reverse transcription | Quinones-Mateu et al. (2003), Doss et al. (2009), Crack et al. (2012), Wilson, Wiens and Smith (2013) |
| hBD3 | HIV-1, HSV-1/HSV-2, IAV, VV | Envelope disruption, block receptor binding, receptor downmodulation, cell signaling modulation, block reverse transcription | Quinones-Mateu et al. (2003), Leikina et al. (2005), Howell, Streib and Leung (2007), Wilson, Wiens and Smith (2013) |
| hBD4 | No antiviral activity reported | – | – |
| θ-defensins | |||
| Retrocyclins | HSV-1/HSV-2, HIV-1, IAV | Block receptor binding, block fusion, induce viral aggregation | Yasin et al. (2004), Doss et al. (2009), Lehrer, Cole and Selsted (2012), Gwyer Findlay, Currie and Davidson (2013) |
| RTD | HSV-1/HSV-2 | Block receptor binding | Yasin et al. (2004), Lehrer, Cole and Selsted (2012), Gwyer Findlay, Currie and Davidson (2013) |
| Cathelicidins | |||
| LL-37 | RSV, IAV, VV, HSV-1, HAdV19, HIV-1, VZV | Envelope disruption, block receptor binding, block reverse transcription | Wong et al. (2011), Crack et al. (2012), Vandamme et al. (2012), Tripathi et al. (2013), Currie et al. (2016) |
a
Viruses: CMV, cytomegalovirus; HIV, human inmunodeficiency virus; HSV, herpes simplex virus; IAV, influenza A virus; VSV, vesicular stomatitis virus; AAV, adeno-associated virus; HAdV, human adenovirus; HPV, human papillomavirus; PyV, polyoma virus; HPIV, human parainfluenza virus; RSV, respiratory syncytial virus; VV, vaccinia virus; VZV, varicella zoster virus.