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. 2017 May 4;2017:4517971. doi: 10.1155/2017/4517971

Table 5.

Essential oil studies showing efficacy against Gram-negative pathogens associated with skin infections.

Essential oila Methodb Species strainc Solventd Resulte Main componentsf Reference
Abies balsamea (fir) MIC P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858) Acetone 2.00 mg/mL β-Pinene (31.00%), bornyl acetate (14.90%), δ-3-carene (14.20%) [99]
Abies holophylla (Manchurian fir) MIC E. coli (ATCC 10536) DMSO 21.8 mg/mL Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ol (28.05%), δ-3-carene (13.85%), α-pinene (11.68%), camphene (10.41%) [111]
E. coli (ATCC 25922)
E. coli (ATCC 33312)
P. aeruginosa (NCTC 10490) >21.80 mg/mL
Abies koreana (Korean fir) MIC E. coli (ATCC 10536) DMSO 21.8 mg/mL Bornyl ester (41.79%), camphene (15.31%), α-pinene (11.19%) [111]
E. coli (ATCC 25922)
E. coli (ATCC 33312) 10.9 mg/mL
P. aeruginosa (NCTC 10490) >21.80 mg/mL
Achillea millefolium (yarrow) MIC P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) Tween 80 NI Eucalyptol (24.60%), camphor (16.70%), α-terpineol (10.20%) [112]
E. coli (ATCC 25922)
Achillea setacea (bristly yarrow) E. coli (ATCC 25922) 0.5% Tween 80 72.00 mg/mL Sabinene (10.80%), eucalyptol (18.50%) [113]
P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) >72.00 mg/mL
Achillea teretifolia (bristly yarrow) E. coli (ATCC 25922) 36.00 mg/mL Eucalyptol (19.90%), camphor (11.10%), borneol (11.90%)
P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) >72.00 mg/mL
Angelica archangelica (angelica) root MIC P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858) Acetone 2.00 mg/mL α-Phellandrene (18.50%), α-pinene (13.70%), β-phellandrene (12.60%), δ-3-carene (12.10%) [99]
Angelica archangelica (angelica) seed β-Phellandrene (59.20%)
Aniba rosaeodora (rosewood) MIC E. coli (ATCC 25922) n.m. 0.40 mg/mL NCR [85]
Anthemis aciphylla var. discoidea (chamomile), flowers MIC E. coli (ATCC 25922) DMSO 1.00 mg/mL α-Pinene (39.00%), terpinen-4-ol (32.10%) [114]
P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) 0.25 mg/mL
Anthemis aciphylla var. discoidea (chamomile), aerial parts MIC E. coli (ATCC 25922) DMSO 1.00 mg/mL α-Pinene (49.40%), terpinen-4-ol (21.80%) [114]
P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853)
Anthemis aciphylla var. discoidea (chamomile), leaves MIC E. coli (ATCC 25922) DMSO 0.50 mg/mL Terpinen-4-ol (24.30%) [114]
P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853)
Anthemis nobilis (chamomile) MIC P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858) Acetone 2.00 mg/mL 2-Methylbutyl-2-methyl propanoic acid (31.50%), limonene (18.30%), 3-methylpentyl-2-butenoic acid (16.70%), isobutyl isobutyrate (10.00%) [99]
Artemisia dracunculus (tarragon) MIC P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858) Acetone 2.00 mg/mL Estragole (82.60%) [99]
Backhousia citriodora (lemon myrtle) ADM E. coli (NCTC 8196) Tween 80 0.03% v/v Geranial (51.40%), neral (40.90%) [115]
P. aeruginosa (NCTC 6750) 2.00% v/v
Boswellia carteri (frankincense) (9 samples) MIC E. coli (ATCC 25922) Acetone 4.00–12.00 mg/mL α-Pinene (4.80–40.40%), myrcene (1.60–52.40%), limonene (1.90–20.40%), α-thujene (0.30–52.40%), p-cymene (2.70–16.90%), β-pinene (0.30–13.10%) [116]
Boswellia frereana (frankincense) (3 samples) 4.00–6.00 mg/mL α-Pinene (2.00–64.70%), α-thujene (0.00–33.10%), p-cymene (5.40–16.90%)
Boswellia neglecta (frankincense) E. coli (ATCC 8739) Acetone 3.00 mg/mL NCR [117]
E. coli (ATCC 25922) 6.00 mg/mL α-Pinene (43.40%), β-pinene (13.10%) [116]
P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858) 1.30 mg/mL NCR [117]
Boswellia papyrifera (frankincense) E. coli (ATCC 8739) 3.30 mg/mL
P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858) 1.50 mg/mL
Boswellia rivae (frankincense) E. coli (ATCC 8739) 3.00 mg/mL
P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858) 1.00 mg/mL
Boswellia sacra (frankincense) (2 samples) E. coli (ATCC 25922) 4.00–6.00 mg/mL α-Pinene (18.30–28.00%), α-thujene (3.90–11.20%), limonene (11.20–13.10%) [116]
Boswellia spp. (frankincense) (4 samples) 6.00 mg/mL α-Pinene (18.80–24.20%), limonene (11.70–19.00%)
Boswellia thurifera (frankincense) α-Pinene (28.00%), limonene (14.60%)
Cananga odorata (ylang-ylang) MIC P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858) Acetone 3.00 mg/mL Bicyclosesquiphellandrene (19.50%), β-farnesene (13.90%) [99]
Cananga odorata (ylang-ylang), heads 1.50 mg/mL Benzyl acetate (31.90%), linalool (27.00%), methyl benzoate (10.40%)
Canarium luzonicum (elemi) MIC P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858) Acetone 2.00 mg/mL Limonene (41.90%), elemol (21.60%), α-phellandrene (11.40%) [99]
Carum carvi (caraway) MIC P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858) Acetone 2.00 mg/mL Limonene (27.60%), carvone (67.50%) [99]
P. aeruginosa DMSO >16.00 μg/mL DL-Limonene (53.35%), β-selinene (11.08%), β-elemene (10.09%) [118]
Caryophyllus aromaticus (clove) ADM90 P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853 and 15 clinical isolates) Tween 80 3.00 mg/mL Eugenol (75.85%), eugenyl acetate (16.38%) [119]
E. coli (ATCC 25922 and 15 clinical isolates)
Cinnamomum cassia (cinnamon) MIC P. aeruginosa DMSO ≤1.00 μg/mL trans-Caryophyllene (17.18%), eugenol (14.67%), linalool L (14.52%), trans-cinnamyl acetate, (13.85%), cymol (11.79%), cinnamaldehyde (11.25%) [118]
Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon) MAC E. coli (ATCC 25922) 75% ethanol 200.00 mg/L NCR [231]
E. coli (10 clinical strains) 400.00 mg/L
ADM E. coli DMSO 1.25 μL/mL NCR [232]
E. coli (ATCC 25922) 10% DMSO >1.6 mg/mL Cinnamaldehyde (52.42%) [80]
MIC P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) 75% ethanol 400.00 mg/L NCR [231]
P. aeruginosa (clinical strain)
ADM P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) 10% DMSO >0.80 mg/mL Cinnamaldehyde (52.42%) [80]
MIC Acetone 1.50 mg/mL Eugenol (80.00%) [99]
ADM90 P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853 and 15 clinical isolates) Tween 80 0.80 mg/mL Cinnamaldehyde (86.31%) [119]
E. coli (ATCC 25922 and 15 clinical isolates) 0.25 mg/mL
Citrus aurantifolia (lime) ADM E. coli (ATCC 25922) 10% DMSO 6.40 mg/mL NCR [80]
P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853)
Citrus aurantium (bitter orange), flowers MIC E. coli (ATCC 25922) 10% DMSO 1.25 mg/mL Limonene (27.50%), α-terpineol (14.00%), E-nerolidol (17.50%), α-terpinyl acetate (11.7%) [120]
E. coli (ATCC 8739)
P. aeruginosa (ATCC 9027) 2.50 mg/mL
Citrus aurantium (petitgrain) MIC P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858) Acetone 2.00 mg/mL Linalyl acetate (54.90%), linalool (21.10%) [99]
Citrus bergamia (bergamot) MAC E. coli (ATCC 8739) n.m. 5.0 μL/mL Bergamol (16.10%), linalool (14.02%), D-limonene (13.76%) [62]
Citrus grandis (grapefruit) MIC P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858) Acetone 1.50 mg/mL Limonene (74.80%) [99]
ADM E. coli DMSO 2.5 μL/mL NCR [232]
Citrus medica limonum (lemon) ADM E. coli (ATCC 25922) 10% DMSO >6.4 mg/mL NCR [80]
P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) 12.80 mg/mL
MIC P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858) Acetone 2.00 mg/mL [99]
Citrus sinensis (orange) ADM E. coli (ATCC 25922) 10% DMSO >12.8 mg/mL NCR [80]
MAC E. coli (ATCC 10536) 0.1% ethanol 1.875 mg/L [121]
ADM P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) 10% DMSO >12.80 mg/mL [80]
MAC P. aeruginosa (ATCC 15442) 0.1% ethanol 1.88 mg/mL [121]
MIC P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858) Acetone 2.00 mg/mL Limonene (93.20%) [99]
Commiphora guidotti (myrrh) MIC E. coli (ATCC 8739) Acetone 4.00 mg/mL (E)-β-Ocimene (52.60%), α-santalene (11.10%), (E)-α-bisabolene (16.00%) [117]
P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858) 1.40 mg/mL
Commiphora myrrha (myrrh) E. coli (ATCC 8739) 1.00 mg/mL Furanogermacrene (15.9%), furanoeudesma-1,3-diene (44.3%)
P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858) 0.50 mg/mL
P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858) 4.00 mg/mL Furanoeudesma-1,3-diene (57.70%), lindestrene (16.30%) [99]
Coriandrum sativum (coriander), seed MIC E. coli (7 clinical isolates) 0.5% DMSO with Tween 80 0.14 mg/mL NCR [122]
Cumin cymene (cumin) (6 samples) 0.30 mg/mL
Cupressus arizonica (smooth cypress) MIC P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) 10% DMSO 6.02–23.60 μg/mL α-Pinene (20.00–60.50%), δ-3-carene (1.00–15.60%), umbellulone (0.80–18.40%) [123]
Cupressus arizonica (smooth cypress), branches E. coli (ATCC 25922) 0.37 μg/mL α-Pinene (58.60%), δ-3-carene (15.60%)
P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) 11.80 μg/mL
Cupressus arizonica (smooth cypress), female cones E. coli (ATCC 25922) 2.95 μg/mL α-Pinene (60.50%), δ-3-carene (15.30%)
P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) 6.02 μg/mL
Cupressus arizonica (smooth cypress), leaves E. coli (ATCC 25922) 0.38 μg/mL α-Pinene (20.00%), umbellulone (18.40%)
P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) 23.60 μg/mL
Cupressus sempervirens (cypress) P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) Acetone 2.00 mg/mL α-Pinene (41.20%), δ-3-carene (23.70%) [99]
Cymbopogon giganteus (lemongrass) MIC E. coli (CIP 105182) 0.5% ethanol 6.3 mg/mL Limonene (42.00%), trans-p-mentha-1(7),8-dien-2-ol (14.20%), cis-p-mentha-1(7),8-dien-2-ol (12.00%) [124]
P. aeruginosa (CRBIP 19.249) 70.00 mg/mL
Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass) MIC E. coli (CIP 105182) 0.5% ethanol 10 mg/mL Geranial (48.1%), neral (34.6%), myrcene (11.0%) [124]
MAC E. coli (clinical isolate VR 12 and MTCC 424) Sodium taurocholate 1.66–3.33 μL/mL Citral (72.80%) [125, 126]
P. aeruginosa (MTCC 424 and clinical isolate VR 6) 11.60–>20.00 μL/mL
MIC P. aeruginosa (CRBIP 19.249) 0.5% ethanol >80.00 mg/mL Geranial (48.10%), neral (34.60%), myrcene (11.00%) [124]
P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858) Acetone 1.50 mg/mL Geranial (44.80%) [99]
P. aeruginosa DMSO >16.00 μg/mL Geranial (47.34%), β-myrcene (16.53%), Z-citral (8.36%) [118]
Cymbopogon martinii (palmarosa) MAC E. coli (clinical isolate VR 12 and MTCC 424) sodium taurocholate 1.66–4.16 μL/mL Geraniol (61.60%) [125, 126]
P. aeruginosa (MTCC 424 and clinical isolate VR 6) 8.33–>20.00 μL/mL
Cymbopogon nardus (citronella) MIC P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858) acetone 1.50 mg/mL Citronellal (38.30%), geraniol (20.70%), citronellol (18.80%) [99]
Daucus carota (carrot seed) 3.00 mg/mL Carotol (44.40%)
Eucalyptus camaldulensis (eucalyptus) ADM E. coli DMSO 5.00 μL/mL NCR [232]
MIC E. coli (ATCC 25922) Acetone 2.00 mg/mL [130]
P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) 1.00 mg/mL
Eucalyptus globulus (eucalyptus) ADM E. coli (ATCC3428) Tween 20 51.36 μg/mL Eucalyptol (47.20%), (+)-spathulenol (18.10%) [81]
MIC E. coli (ATCC 25922) Tween 80 10.00 mg/mL 1,8-Cineol (81.93%) [128]
P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) 10.00 mg/mL [128]
MAC E. coli (clinical isolate and MTCC 424) Sodium taurocholate 1.66–3.33 μL/mL Cineole (23.20%) [125, 126]
P. aeruginosa (MTCC 424 and clinical isolate VR 6) 8.33–>20.00 μL/mL
MIC P. aeruginosa (ATCC 9027) DMSO 0.10% v/v NCR [129]
P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858) Acetone 3.00 mg/mL 1,8-Cineole (58.00%), α-terpineol (13.20%) [99]
E. coli (ATCC 25922) 2.00 mg/mL NCR [130]
P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) 1.00 mg/mL
Eucalyptus radiata (eucalyptus) E. coli (ATCC 25922) Acetone 2.00 mg/mL 1,8-Cineole (65.7% ± 9.5), α-terpineol (12.8% ± 4.4) [130]
P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) 1.00 mg/mL [130]
Eucalyptus citriodora (eucalyptus) E. coli (ATCC 25922) 2.00 mg/mL NCR [130]
P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) 1.00 mg/mL [130]
Eucalyptus smithii (eucalyptus) E. coli (ATCC 25922) 2.00 mg/mL NCR [130]
P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) 2.00 mg/mL [130]
Eucalyptus dives (eucalyptus) E. coli (ATCC 25922) 2.00 mg/mL NCR [130]
P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) 1.00 mg/mL [130]
Eucalyptus intertexta (eucalyptus) E.coli (ATCC 10536) 10% DSMO 15.6 μg/mL NCR [131]
P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) NI
Eucalyptus largiflorens (eucalyptus) E.coli (ATCC 10536)
P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853)
Foeniculum dulce (fennel) MIC P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858) Acetone 3.00 mg/mL E-Anethole (79.10%) [99]
Foeniculum vulgare (fennel) MAC E. coli (ATCC 25922) DMSO 0.25 mg/mL trans-Anethole (68.53%), estragole (10.42%) [132]
P. aeruginosa (ATCC 9027) >10.00 mg/mL
MIC P. aeruginosa >16.00 μg/mL trans-Anethole (33.3%), DL-limonene (19.66%), carvone (12.03%) [118]
Foeniculum vulgare (fennel) (6 samples) MIC P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) 1000.00–>2000.00 μg/mL Fenchone (16.90–34.70%), estragole (2.50–66.00%), trans-anethole (7.90–77.70%) [133]
E. coli (ATCC 25922) 62.50–500 μg/mL
Foeniculum vulgare Mill. ssp. vulgare (fennel), Aurelio MAC P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) Tween 20 >100.00 μg/mL Limonene (16.50–21.50%), (E)-anethole (59.80–66.00%) [134]
E. coli (ATCC 25922) 50.00 μg/mL
Foeniculum vulgare Mill. ssp. vulgare (fennel), Spartaco E. coli (ATCC 25922) 50.00–100.00 μg/mL Limonene (0.20–17.70%), (E)-anethole (66.30–90.40%)
P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) ≥100.00 μg/mL
Geranium dissectum (geranium) MAC P. aeruginosa DMSO >16.00 μg/mL β-Citronellol (25.45%), geraniol (13.83%) [118]
Hyssopus officinalis (hyssop) MAC P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858) Acetone 2.00 mg/mL Isopinocamphone (48.70%), pinocamphone (15.50%) [99]
Jasminum sambac (jasmine) MAC E. coli (MTCC 443) Sodium taurocholate 31.25 μL/mL Linalool (59.00%), benzyl acetate (22.50%) [233]
Juniperus excelsa (juniper), berries, Ohrid ADM E. coli (25927) 50% DSMO >50.00% Sabinene (58.85%) [87]
Juniperus officinalis (juniper), berry MIC E. coli (ATCC 25922) Tween 80 20.00 mg/mL α-Pinene (39.760%) [128]
P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853)
Juniperus virginiana (juniper) P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858) Acetone 2.00 mg/mL Thujopsene (29.80%), cedrol (14.90%), α-cedrene (12.40%) [99]
Juniperus virginiana (juniper), berries α-Pinene (20.50%), myrcene (13.70%), bicyclosesquiphellandrene (10.70%)
Kunzea ericoides (Kānuka) MAC E. coli (ATCC 11229) Tween 80 >2.00% v/v α-pinene (61.60%) [137]
P. aeruginosa (ATCC 15442) >2.00% v/v
MIC P. aeruginosa (ATCC 9027) Acetone 4.00 mg/mL α-Pinene (26.20–46.70%), p-cymene (5.80–19.10%) [138]
Laurus nobilis (bay) MIC P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858) Acetone 2.67 mg/mL Eugenol (57.20%), myrcene (14.30%), chavicol (12.70%) [99]
Lavandula angustifolia (lavender) MIC E. coli (ATCC 8739) 10% DSMO 730.1 μg/mL Linalool (25.10%), linalyl acetate (22.50%) [139]
E. coli (ampicillin-resistant NCTC 10418) 722.2 μg/mL
P. aeruginosa (NCTC 1662) 1040.00 μg/mL
E. coli (ATCC 11775) Acetone 6.20 mg/mL Linalool (30.80%), linalyl acetate (31.30%) [140]
P. aeruginosa (ATCC 9027) 8.60 mg/mL
P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858) 2.00 mg/mL Linalyl acetate (36.70%), linalool (31.40%), terpinen-4-ol (14.90%) [99]
Lavandula dentata (French lavender) E. coli (BNI 2) 5% DMSO 2.20 mg/mL Camphor (12.40%) [141]
Lavandula officinalis (lavender) P. aeruginosa DMSO >16.00 μg/mL δ-3-Carene (17.14%), α-fenchene (16.79%), diethyl phthalate (13.84%) [118]
Lavandula stoechas (French lavender) E. coli (STCC 471) Tween 80 8.00 μL/mL 10s,11s-Himachala-3(12),4-diene (23.62%), cubenol (16.19%) [142]
Lavandula stoechas (French lavender), flower E. coli (NRRL B-3008) 20% DMSO 250.00 μg/mL α-Fenchone (39.20%) [47]
P. aeruginosa (NRRL B-23)
Lavandula stoechas (French lavender), leaf E. coli (NRRL B-3008) 250.00 μg/mL α-Fenchone (41.90%), 1,8-cineole (15.60%), camphor (12.10%)
P. aeruginosa (NRRL B-23) 500.00 μg/mL
Leptospermum scoparium (manuka) MAC E. coli (ATCC 11229) Tween 80 >2.00% v/v (−)-(E)-Calamenene (14.50%), leptospermone (17.60%) [137]
P. aeruginosa (ATCC 15442) 0.85% v/v
MIC P. aeruginosa (ATCC 9027) Acetone 4.00 mg/mL Eudesma-4(14),11-diene (6.20–14.50%), α-selinene (5.90–13.50%), (E)-methyl cinnamate (9.20–19.50%) [138]
Litsea cubeba (May Chang) MIC P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858) Acetone 1.50 mg/mL Geranial (45.60%), nerol (31.20%) [99]
Matricaria chamomilla (German chamomile) 4.00 mg/mL Bisabolene oxide A (46.90%), β-farnesene (19.20%) [99]
Matricaria recutita (German chamomile) ADM90 P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853 and 15 clinical isolates) Tween 80 54.40 mg/mL Chamazulene (31.48%), α-bisabolol (15.71%), bisabolol oxide (15.71%) [119]
E. coli (ATCC 25922 and 15 clinical isolates)
Matricaria songarica (chamomile) MIC E. coli (CCTCC AB91112) Tween 80 100 μg/mL E-β-Farnesene (10.58%), bisabolol oxide A (10.46%) [143]
P. aeruginosa (CCTCC AB93066) 200.00 μg/mL
Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) MIC E. coli (ATCC 10536) Tween 80 0.12% v/v NCR [147]
E. coli (110 clinical isolates) 0.12–0.25% v/v
E. coli (AG100) n.m. 0.25% (v/v) Terpinen-4-ol (39.80%), γ-terpinene (17.80%) [149, 150]
E. coli (ATCC 25922) None used 0.25% (v/v) Terpinen-4-ol (40.00%), γ-terpinen (13.00%), p-cymene (13.00%) [97]
E. coli (ATCC 11775) Acetone 3.70 mg/mL Terpinen-4-ol (38.60%), γ-terpinene (21.60%) [140]
MAC E. coli (ATCC 11229) Tween 80 0.25% v/v α-Terpinene (11.40%), γ-terpinene (22.50%), terpinen-4-ol (35.20%) [137]
P. aeruginosa (ATCC 15442) 1.00% v/v
MIC P. aeruginosa (NCTC 6749) n.m. 8.00% (v/v) Terpinen-4-ol (39.80%), γ-terpinene (17.80%) [150]
P. aeruginosa (10 clinical isolates) Tween 80 2.00–5.00% v/v terpinen-4-ol (35.70%) [152]
ADM P. aeruginosa (NCTC 6750) 0.5% Tween 20 >2.00% v/v Terpinen-4-ol (42.80%), γ-terpinene (18.20%) [115]
E. coli (NCTC 8196) 0.20% v/v [115]
MIC P. aeruginosa (NCIB 8295) n.m. 12.50% v/v NCR [145]
MIC90 P. aeruginosa (30 clinical isolates) Tween 80 4.00% Terpinen-4-ol (40.30%), γ-terpinene (19.70%) [234]
MIC P. aeruginosa (ATCC 9027) Acetone 8.60 mg/mL Terpinen-4-ol (38.60%), γ-terpinene (21.60%) [140]
MIC P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858) Acetone 2.00 mg/mL Terpinen-4-ol (49.30%), γ-terpinene (16.90%) [99]
Melaleuca cajuputi (cajuput) MIC E. coli (ATCC 25922) Tween 80 5.00 mg/mL 1,8-Cineol (67.60%) [128]
P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853)
P. aeruginosa (ATCC 15442) 1.90% v/v 1,8-Cineole (55.50%) [137]
E. coli (ATCC 11229) 0.40% v/v
Melaleuca quinquenervia (niaouli) MIC E. coli (ATCC 11229) Tween 80 0.40% v/v 1,8-Cineole (61.20%) [137]
P. aeruginosa (ATCC 15442) 1.90%v/v
Melaleuca viridiflora (niaouli) P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858) Acetone 2.00 mg/mL 1,8-Cineole (45.90%), α-terpinene (21.00%) [99]
Melissa officinalis (lemon balm) MIC P. aeruginosa (NCTC 1662) 10% DSMO 1000.30 μg/mL Citronellal (20.50%), β-citronellol (11.50%), geraniol (17.00%) [139]
E. coli (ATCC 8739) 442.30 μg/mL
E. coli (ampicillin-resistant NCTC 10418) 567.40 μg/mL
E. coli (ATCC 25922) n.m. 10.00 mg/mL NCR [85]
Mentha piperita (peppermint) MIC E. coli (ATCC 25922) Tween 80 0.6 mg/mL 1,8-Cineol (12.06%), menthone (22.24%), menthol (47.29%) [128]
MAC E. coli (clinical isolate and MTCC 424) Sodium taurocholate 1.66–2.50 μL/mL Menthol (36.40%) [125, 126]
MIC E. coli (ATCC 11775) Acetone 5.70 mg/mL Menthone (18.20%), menthol (42.90%) [140]
E. coli (ATCC 25922) DMSO 1.25–2.50 mg/mL Menthol (27.50–42.30%), menthone (18.40–27.90%) [155]
n.m. 3.20 mg/mL NCR [85]
P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) Tween 80 20.00 mg/mL 1,8-Cineol (12.06%), menthone (22.24%), menthol (47.29%) [128]
P. aeruginosa DMSO ≤1.00 μg/mL Menthone (40.82%), carvone (24.16%) [118]
P. aeruginosa (ATCC 9027) 0.10% v/v NCR [129]
MAC P. aeruginosa (MTCC 424 and clinical isolate VR 6) Sodium taurocholate 10.00–>20.00 μL/mL Menthol (36.40%) [125, 126]
MIC P. aeruginosa (ATCC 9027) Acetone 8.60 mg/mL Menthone (18.20%), menthol (42.90%) [140]
P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) DMSO 2.50–5.00 mg/mL Menthol (27.50–42.30%), menthone (18.40–27.90%) [155]
P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858) Acetone 2.00 mg/mL Menthol (47.50%), menthone (18.60%) [99]
E. coli (CIP 105182) Ethanol 40.0 mg/mL Menthol (39.30%), menthone (25.20%) [156]
P. aeruginosa (CRBIP 19.249) 0.5% ethanol >80.00 mg/mL
Myrtus communis (myrtle) MIC P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858) Acetone 2.00 mg/mL Myrtenyl acetate (28.20%), 1,8-cineole (25.60%), α-pinene (12.50%) [99]
ADM E. coli (ATCC 35218) Tween 20 11.20 mg/mL NCR [157]
Ocimum basilicum (basil) MIC E. coli (CIP 105182) Ethanol 8.30 mg/mL Linalool (57.00%), eugenol (19.20%) [156]
MAC E. coli (ATCC 8739) n.m. 1.25 μL/mL Eugenol (62.60%), caryophyllene (21.51%) [62]
ADM E. coli (ATCC 25922) 96% ethanol 8.00 μL/mL Estragole (86.4%) [223]
E. coli (ESBL+) (4 clinical strains from wounds) 8.50–9.25 μL/mL
E. coli (ESBL−) (4 clinical strains from wounds) 10.00–11.50 μL/mL
MIC P. aeruginosa (CRBIP 19.249) 0.5% ethanol >80.00 mg/mL Linalool (57.00%), eugenol (19.20%) [156]
MAC P. aeruginosa (ATCC 9027) Tween 80 0.0030% v/v Linalool (54.95%), methyl chavicol (11.98%) [158]
P. aeruginosa (clinical isolate)
MIC P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858) Acetone 2.67 mg/mL Linalool (54.10%) [99]
MIC90 E. coli (ATCC 8739) n.m. 160.00 μg/mL Methyl chavicol (46.90%), geranial (19.10%), neral (15.15%) [159]
MIC E. coli (ATCC 35210) Tween 80 0.18–5.40 μg/mL Linalool (30.30–58.60%) [160]
P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) 0.11–11.74 μg/mL
Origanum acutidens (Turkey oregano) MIC E. coli (A1) 10% DMSO 62.50 μg/mL Carvacrol (72.00%) [161]
P. aeruginosa (ATCC9027) 125.00 μg/mL
P. aeruginosa (ATCC27859) 125.00 μg/mL
Origanum majorana (marjoram) P. aeruginosa (ATCC 9027) DMSO 0.05% v/v NCR [129]
P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858) Acetone 2.00 mg/mL 1,8-Cineole (46.00%), linalool (26.10%) [99]
Origanum microphyllum (oregano) P. aeruginosa (ATCC 227853) Tween 80 NI Terpin-4-ol (24.86%), γ-terpinene (13.83%), linalool (10.81%) [162]
E. coli (ATCC 25922) 3.35 mg/mL
Origanum scabrum (oregano) E. coli (ATCC 25922) 0.28 mg/mL Carvacrol (74.86%)
P. aeruginosa (ATCC 227853) 1.27 mg/mL
Origanum vulgare (oregano) MAC E. coli (ATCC 25922) 75% ethanol 200.00 mg/L NCR [231]
E. coli (10 clinical isolates) 200.00–400.00 mg/L
E. coli (ATCC 8739) n.m. 0.63 μL/mL Carvacrol (30.17%), p-cymene (15.20%), γ-terpinen (12.44%) [62]
ADM E. coli (ATCC 35218) Tween 20 0.70 mg/mL NCR [157]
MIC P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) 75% ethanol 800.00 mg/L [231]
P. aeruginosa (clinical isolate) 400.00 mg/L
P. aeruginosa (ATCC 2730) n.m. 1648.00 mg/L [164]
P. aeruginosa (ATCC 9027) DMSO 0.20% v/v [129]
Origanum vulgare subsp. hirtum (Greek oregano) MIC E. coli (ATCC 25922) 10% DMSO and Tween 80 >512.00 μg/mL Linalool (96.31%) [165]
P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853)
Origanum vulgare subsp. vulgare (oregano) E. coli (ATCC 25922) 213.30 μg/mL Thymol (58.31%), carvacrol (16.11%), p-cymene (13.45%)
P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) 256.00 μg/mL
Pelargonium graveolens (geranium) ADM E. coli (ATCC 25922) 10% DMSO >6.40 mg/mL NCR [80]
E. coli (ATCC 35218) Tween 20 5.60 mg/mL [157]
MIC E. coli (clinical strains isolated from wounds) Ethanol 3.00–3.75 mL/mL Citronellol (26.70%), geraniol (13.40%) [166]
ADM P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) 10% DMSO >12.80 mg/mL NCR [80]
MIC P. aeruginosa Ethanol 9.25–10.50 mL/mL. Citronellol (26.70%), geraniol (13.40%) [166]
Pelargonium odoratissimum (geranium) MIC P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858) Acetone 2.00 mg/mL Citronellol (34.20%), geraniol (15.70%) [99]
Perovskia abrotanoides (Russian sage) MIC E. coli (ATCC 8739) 10% DMSO >8.00 μL/mL Camphor (23.00%), 1,8-cineole (22.00%), α-pinene (12.00%) [167]
P. aeruginosa (ATCC 9027)
Pimpinella anisum (anise) MIC E. coli DMSO >500.00 μg/mL NCR [168]
P. aeruginosa
P. aeruginosa   >16.00 μg/mL Anethole (64.82%) [118]
Pinus sylvestris (pine) MIC P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858) Acetone 2.00 mg/mL Bornyl acetate (42.30%), camphene (11.80%), α-pinene (11.00%) [99]
Piper nigrum (black pepper) P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858) Acetone 2.00 mg/mL β-Caryophyllene (33.80%), limonene (16.40%) [99]
Pogostemon cablin (patchouli) MIC E. coli (ampicillin-resistant NCTC 10418) 10% DSMO 530.2 μg/mL α-Guaiene (13.80%), α-bulnesene (17.10%), patchouli alcohol (22.70%) [139]
E. coli (ATCC 8739) 410.7 μg/mL
P. aeruginosa (NCTC 1662) 1200.00 μg/mL
Pogostemon patchouli (patchouli) P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858) Acetone 2.00 mg/mL Patchouli alcohol (37.30%), α-bulnesene (14.60%), α-guaiene (12.50%) [99]
Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) MIC E. coli (ATCC 8739) Tween 80 0.25% v/v 1,8-Cineole (27.23%), α-pinene (19.43%), camphor (14.26%), camphene (11.52%) [169]
E. coli (ATCC 8739) 10% DSMO 733.70 μg/mL 1,8-Cineol (29.20%), (+)-camphor (17.20%) [139]
E. coli (ampicillin-resistant NCTC 10418) 810.70 μg/mL
E. coli (ATCC 8739) Tween 80 0.03% (v/v) 1,8-Cineole (26.54%), α-pinene (20.14%), camphene (11.38%), camphor (12.88%) [170]
E. coli (MTCC 723) n.m. >11.00 mg/mL NCR [171]
E. coli (ATCC 8739) Hexane 0.47–3.75 mg/mL α-Pinene (8.14–11.47)%, 1,8-cineole (10.56–11.91%), camphor (16.57–16.89%), verbenone (17.43–23.79%), bornyl acetate (9.19–11.62%) [171]
ADM E. coli (ATCC 25922) 10% DMSO >6.40 mg/mL NCR [80]
E. coli (ATCC 35218) Tween 20 11.20 mg/mL [157]
MIC E. coli (ATCC 11775) Acetone 4.50 mg/mL 1,8-Cineole (41.40%), α-pinene (13.30%), camphor (12.40%) [140]
ADM E. coli (ATCC 25922) 96% ethanol 18.50 μL/mL 1,8-Cineole (46.40%), camphor (11.40%), α-pinene (11.00%) [223]
E. coli (ESBL+) (4 clinical strains from wounds) 18.50–19.25 μL/mL
E. coli (ESBL−) (4 clinical strains from wounds) 18.25 μL/mL–20.0 μL/mL
MIC P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) Tween 80 1.00%v/v 1,8-Cineole (27.23%), α-pinene (19.43%), camphor (14.26%), camphene (11.52%) [169]
P. aeruginosa (NCTC 1662) 10% DSMO 1113.30 μg/mL 1,8-Cineol (29.20%), (+)-camphor (17.20%) [139]
P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) Tween 80 0.10% v/v 1,8-Cineole (26.54%), α-pinene (20.14%), camphene (11.38%), camphor (12.88%) [170]
P. aeruginosa (MTCC 741) n.m. >11.00 mg/mL NCR [171]
P. aeruginosa (ATCC 9027) DMSO 0.20% v/v [129]
ADM P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) 10% DMSO >6.40 mg/mL NCR [80]
MIC P. aeruginosa (ATCC 9027) Acetone 6.20 mg/mL 1,8-Cineole (41.40%), α-pinene (13.30%), camphor (12.40%) [140]
P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858) 2.00 mg/mL 1,8-Cineole (48.00%) [99]
ADM90 P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853 and 15 clinical isolates) Tween 80 79.91 mg/mL Camphor (27.51%), limonene (21.01%), myrcene (11.19%), α-pinene (10.37%) [119]
E. coli (ATCC 25922 and 15 clinical isolates) 79.35 mg/mL
Salvia bracteata (sage) MIC E. coli (ATCC 25922) Tween 20 >100.00 μg/mL Caryophyllene oxide (16.60%) [173]
MAC P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853)
Salvia eremophila (sage) MIC E. coli (ATCC 10536) 10% DMSO 500.00 μg/mL Borneol (21.83%), α-pinene (18.80%), bornyl acetate (18.68%) [174]
P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) NI
Salvia nilotica (sage) ADM E. coli (ATCC 25922) n.m. NI trans-Caryophyllene (10.90%) [175]
P. aeruginosa (ATCC 227853) 7.80 mg/mL
Salvia officinalis (sage) ADM E. coli (ATCC 35218) Tween 20 11.2 mg/mL NCR [157]
MIC E. coli (ATCC 8739) 10% DSMO 475.0 μg/mL 1,8-Cineol (27.40%), α-thujone (16.30%), β-thujone (11.20%), borneol (10.40%) [139]
E. coli (ampicillin-resistant NCTC 10418) 548.0 μg/mL
P. aeruginosa (NCTC 1662) 1250.30 μg/mL
P. aeruginosa (ATCC 9027) DMSO 0.20% v/v NCR [129]
ADM P. aeruginosa (clinical strain) n.m. 7.50 mg/mL NCR [176]
E. coli (ATCC 25922) 3.75 mg/mL
E. coli (clinical strain) 7.50 mg/mL
Salvia ringens (sage) MIC E. coli (ATCC 25922) n.m. 3.25 mg/mL α-Pinene (12.85%), 1,8-cineole (46.42%) [177]
P. aeruginosa (ATCC 227853) 3.75 mg/mL
Salvia rosifolia (sage) (3 samples) E. coli (NRRL B 3008) 20% DMSO 250–1000 μg/mL α-Pinene (15.70–34.80%), 1,8-cineole (16.60–25.10%), β-pinene (6.70–13.50%) [178]
P. aeruginosa (NRRL B 23) 250.00–500.00 μg/mL
Salvia rubifolia (sage) E. coli (ATCC 25922) Tween 20 >100 μg/mL γ-Muurolene (11.80%). [173]
Salvia sclarea (clary sage) MIC P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858) Acetone 3.50 mg/mL Linalyl acetate (72.90%), linalool (11.90%) [99]
Santalum album (sandalwood) 0.50 mg/mL α-Santalol (32.10%)
Styrax benzoin (benzoin) 3.00 mg/mL Cinnamyl alcohol (44.80%), benzene propanol (21.70%)
Syzygium aromaticum (clove) MIC E. coli (ATCC 8739) Tween 80 0.50% v/v Eugenol (68.52%), β-caryophyllene (19.00%), 2-methoxy-4-[2-propenyl]phenol acetate (10.15%) [169]
ADM E. coli (ATCC 25922) 10% DMSO >1.6 mg/mL NCR [80]
MIC P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) Tween 80 0.13% v/v Eugenol (68.52%), β-caryophyllene (19.00%), 2-methoxy-4-[2-propenyl]phenol acetate (10.15%) [169]
ADM P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) 10% DMSO >1.60 mg/mL NCR [80]
MIC P. aeruginosa DMSO >16.00 μg/mL Eugenol (84.07%), isoeugenol (10.39%) [118]
P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858) Acetone 1.50 mg/mL Eugenol (82.20%), eugenol acetate (13.20%) [99]
Tagetes minuta (Mexican marigold) MIC90 E. coli (ATCC 8739) n.m. 165.00 μg/mL Dihydrotagetone (33.90%), E-ocimene (19.90%), tagetone (16.10%) [159]
Tagetes patula (French marigold) MIC P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858) Acetone 1.50 mg/mL (E)-β-Ocimene (41.30%), E-tagetone (11.20%), verbenone (10.90%) [99]
Thymus capitatus (thyme) MIC E. coli (ATCC 25922) Tween 80 900.00 μg/mL p-Cymene (26.40%), thymol (29.30%), carvacrol (10.80%) [181]
P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) >900.00 μg/mL
Thymus capitatus (thyme), commercial E. coli (ATCC 25922) 900.00 μg/mL α-Pinene (25.20%), linalool (10.30%), thymol (46.10%)
P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) >900.00 μg/mL
Thymus herba-barona (thyme), Gennargentu E. coli (ATCC 25922) 450 μg/mL Thymol (46.90%), carvacrol (20.60%)
P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) >900.00 μg/mL
Thymus herba-barona (thyme), Limbara E. coli (ATCC 25922) 450 μg/mL p-Cymene (27.60%), thymol (50.30%)
P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) >900.00 μg/mL
Thymus hyemalis (thymol, thymol/linalool, carvacrol chemotypes) (thyme) MAC E. coli (CECT 516) 95% ethanol <0.2–2.0 μL/mL p-Cymene (16.00–19.80%), linalool (2.10–16.60%), thymol (2.90–43.00%), carvacrol (0.30–40.10%) [61]
Thymus numidicus ADM P. aeruginosa (clinical strain) n.m. 0.47 mg/mL NCR [176]
E. coli (ATCC 25922) 0.12 mg/mL
E. coli (clinical strain) 0.23 mg/mL
Thymus schimperi (thyme) ADM E. coli DMSO 0.63 μL/mL NCR [232]
Thymus serpyllum (thyme) E. coli (ATCC 35218) Tween 20 0.70 mg/mL [157]
Thymus vulgaris (thyme) MIC E. coli DMSO 62.50 μg/mL NCR [168]
E. coli (ATCC 8739) 10% DSMO 430.40 μg/mL p-Cymene (17.90%), thymol (52.40%) [139]
E. coli (ampicillin-resistant NCTC 10418) 360.60 μg/mL
E. coli (ATCC 25922) n.m. 0.30 mg/mL NCR [85]
ADM E. coli (ATCC 25922) Ethanol 0.25 μL/mL Thymol (38.10%), p-cymene (29.10%) [182]
E. coli (2 multidrug-resistant clinical strains from groin) 0.25–0.50 μL/mL
E. coli (7 multidrug-resistant clinical strains from wounds)
E. coli (multidrug-resistant clinical strain from abdominal cavity) 0.50 μL/mL
E. coli (2 multidrug-resistant clinical strains from ulcers) 0.25–0.50 μL/mL
E. coli (5 multidrug-resistant clinical strains from bedsores)
MIC E. coli (ATCC 11775) Acetone 0.50 mg/mL Thymol (47.20%), p-cymene (22.10%) [140]
ADM E. coli (ATCC3428) Tween 20 9.25 μg/mL Thymol (48.10%), p-cymene (15.60%), γ-terpinene (15.40%) [81]
MIC P. aeruginosa DMSO >500.00 μg/mL NCR [168]
P. aeruginosa (NCTC 1662) 10% DSMO 1250.30 μg/mL p-Cymene (17.90%), thymol (52.40%) [139]
ADM P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) Ethanol 0.50 μL/mL Thymol (38.10%), p-cymene (29.10%) [182]
P. aeruginosa (multidrug-resistant clinical strain from toes) 1.50 μL/mL
P. aeruginosa (6 multidrug-resistant clinical strains from wounds) 1.50–2.00 μL/mL
P. aeruginosa (6 multidrug-resistant clinical strains from ulcers) 2.00–2.50 μL/mL
P. aeruginosa (6 multidrug-resistant clinical strains from bedsores) 1.50–2.00 μL/mL
MIC P. aeruginosa (ATCC 9027) Acetone 8.6. mg/mL Thymol (47.20%), p-cymene (22.10%) [140]
P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858) 2.00 mg/mL p-Cymene (39.90%), thymol (20.70%) [99]
Thymus vulgaris (thyme) (thymol chemotype) MAC E. coli (CECT 516) 95% ethanol 0.5 μL/mL p-Cymene (18.70%), thymol (57.70%) [61]
Thymus zygis subsp. gracilis (thyme) (thymol and two linalool chemotypes) <0.2 μL/mL p-Cymene (0.50–11.20%), (E)-sabinene hydrate (0.20–18.20%), linalool (2.00–82.30%)
Vetiveria zizanioides/Andropogon muricatus (vetiver) MIC P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858) Acetone 1.50 mg/mL Zizanol (13.60%), β-vetirenene (7.20%) [99]

aScientific name (common name), part of plant (if applicable).

bMIC: microdilution method; MAC: macrodilution method; ADM: agar dilution method; CTA: contact time assay.

cAmerican Type Culture Collection, Rockville, USA (ATCC); Colección Espanõla de Cultivos Tipo (CECT); collection of microorganisms of the Department of Microbiology (MFBF); culture collection of antibiotics-resistant microbes (CCRM); Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Faculty of Medicine, clinical isolate (OGU); Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina (LM); Microbial Type Culture Collection (MTCC); Mycology Laboratory (LM); National Center of Industrial Microorganisms (NCIM); National Collection of Type Cultures, London, Great Britain (NCTC); Spanish Collection of Type Cultures (STCC).

dDMSO concentration was not included; n.m.: not mentioned.

eNI: no inhibition.

fNCR: no composition results reported.