Table 3.
Predictors of positive HIV status among MSM in Baltimore BESURE study 2004–2005 (n=645) and 2008 (n=448)
| Socio-demographic and behavioral characteristics | Wave 1 (2004–2005) HIV positive
|
Wave 2 (2008) HIV positive
|
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted PR (95% CI) | Adjusted PR (95% CI)a | Unadjusted PR (95% CI) | Adjusted PR (95% CI)a | |
| Socio-demographic | ||||
| Race Ethnicity | ||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 3.97 (2.27–6.96) | 3.70 (2.24–6.12) | 2.45 (1.49–4.01) | 2.46 (1.53–3.96) |
| Other | 1.89 (0.95–3.76) | 1.95 (1.03–3.71) | 1.37 (0.53–3.56) | 1.32 (0.52–3. 35) |
| Age | ||||
| < 24 years old | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | |
| 25–34 years old | 1.27 (0.97–1.66) | 1.37 (1.04–1.80) | 1.42 (0.96–2.08) | |
| 35–44 years old | 2.00 (1.53–2.61) | 1.76 (1.39–2.22) | 1.35 (0.95–1.95) | |
| > 45 years old | 1.67 (1.18–2.36) | 1.76 (1.39–2.22) | 1.47 (0.93–2.32) | |
| Current Homeless | ||||
| No | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | ||
| Yes | 0.93 (0.54–1.50) | 1.09 (0.63–1.89) | ||
| Education | ||||
| Graduate education | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | ||
| College or some college | 3.01 (1.52–5.95) | 1.19 (0.61–2.31) | ||
| High school education or less | 2.33 (1.11–4.88) | 1.47 (0.66–3.22) | ||
| Sexual Identity | ||||
| Homosexual | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | ||
| Bisexual | 0.75 (0.52–1.07) | 0.89 (0.66–1.20) | ||
| Heterosexual or other | 0.96 (0.68–1.35) | 0.51 (0.18–1.45) | ||
| Sexual Behaviors | ||||
| # of male sex partners last 12 months | ||||
| One (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | |
| 2 to 3 | 1.26 (0.91–1. 72) | 1.23 (1.00–1.51) | 1.03 (0.78–1.36) | |
| 4 to 8 | 1.09 (0.73–1.60) | 1.12 (0.83–1.52) | 1.28 (0.96–1.72) | |
| 9 or more | 1.45 (1.12–1.87) | 1.31 (1.07–1.61) | 1.14 (0.67–1.93) | |
| In past 12 months, any sex with: | ||||
| Men only | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | ||
| Men and women | 0.77 (0.59–1.01) | 0.76 (0.53–1.10) | ||
| In past 12 months | ||||
| No UAI | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | |
| UAI with main partners only | 0.94 (.75–1.19) | 0.94 (0.62–1.42) | 0.89 (0.57–1.38) | |
| UAI with casual/exchange partners | 1.27 (.94–1.72) | 1.51 (1.10–2.09) | 1.43 (1.05–1.95) | |
| Drug Use Behaviors | ||||
| Ever injected drugs | ||||
| No | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | ||
| Yes | 1.06 (0.75–1.52) | .78 (0.46–1.32) | ||
| Injection drug use last 12 months | ||||
| No | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | ||
| Yes | 0.65 (0.26–1.64) | 0.33 (0.05–2.23) | ||
| Non-injection drug use last 12 months | ||||
| No | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | ||
| Yes | 1.03 (0.85–1.25) | 1.23 (0.94–1.59) | ||
| Health History and Insurance | ||||
| Ever been tested for HIV | ||||
| No | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | ||
| Yes | 1.08 (0.76–1.54) | 1.07 (0.71–1.64) | ||
| Been told by MD had any STD: | ||||
| No | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) |
| Yes | 1.53 (1.26–1.88) | 1.23 (1.06–1.42) | 1.47 (1.14–1.89) | 1.47 (1.17 – 1.84) |
| Health insurance | ||||
| No health insurance (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | |
| Public | 1.83 (1.15–2.39) | 1.32 (1.05–1.66) | 1.18 (0.93–1.51) | |
| Private | 0.96 (0.66–1.41) | 1.10 (0.81–1.50) | 0.77 (0.59–1.04) | |
| Visit a doctor’s office in last 12 months | ||||
| No | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | |
| Yes | 1.58 (1.20–2.07) | 1.43 (1.03–1.96) | 1.16 (0.86–1.56) | |
a
All variables with p < .05 in the univariate analysis were included in the log-binomial model.