Figure 3.

Within-family prediction ability (R²) for three agronomic traits using GBLUP and new models. S.e. bars are imposed on each mean prediction ability value. Models with different letters above the bar indicate the average prediction R² values are significantly different (α<0.05; Tukey's honestly significant difference). Prediction R² values are averages across 25 NAM populations and 50 runs of cross-validations. The main-effect and nested-effect GWAS models failed to detect significant SNPs in 21 and 29 runs, respectively. For those cases, the prediction R² for the respective models was equal to the corresponding GBLUP models.