TABLE 3.

Inducers of viable but non-culturable state in Escherichia coli.

Inducing factor	Reference
Starvation	9, 11, 12, 16, 32, 33
Suboptimal temperature	12, 37
Chlorination	11, 16
Osmotic stress	43, 44
High pressure CO2 (HPCD)	13
Oxidative stress	10, 35, 40
Visible radiation	9, 32
Sunlight	45
pH variation	33