Scheme 1.
Schematic representation of the preparation and surface modification of green titania (G-TiO2-x) (section A) for mitochondria-targeted cancer phototherapy (section B). Firstly, black titania (B-TiO2-x) was synthesized from P25 (pristine titania) through an aluminum reduction method. Then G-TiO2-x was prepared from B-TiO2-x by strong ultrasonication. The TPP (triphenylphosphonium) was following conjugated to G-TiO2-x (G-TiO2-x-TPP) for mitochondria targeting strategy. Under the same single near infrared (NIR) laser irradiation, G-TiO2-x was able to simultaneously generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and hyperthermia for photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT), respectively.