Table 1. Demographic data of participants.
| Characteristic | Sub-group | LBP patients (n = 555) | Healthy control (n = 112) | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender (n) | Male | 325 (58.6%) | 68 (60.7%) | χ2 = 0.055 | P = 0.831 |
| Female | 230 (41.4%) | 44 (39.3%) | |||
| Age (years) | 45.37 ± 9.23 | 42.13 ± 10.39 | P = 0.145 | ||
| Height (meter) | 1.59 ± 0.11 | 1.59 ± 0.12 | P = 0.531 | ||
| Weight (Kg) | 63.36 ± 11.41 | 62.18 ± 11.98 | P = 0.037 | ||
| Body mass index | 25.50 ± 6.24 | 24.64 ± 4.98 | P = 0.128 | ||
| Normal | 310(55.8%) | 45(40.2%) | χ2 = 74.96 | P < 0.01 | |
| Over-weight | 63(11.4%) | 50(44.6%) | |||
| Obese | 182(32.8%) | 17(15.2%) | |||
| Smoking (n) | Yes | 71 (12.8%) | 16 (14.3%) | χ2 = 0.183 | P = 0.669 |
| No | 484 (87.2%) | 96 (85.7%) | |||
| Drinking (n) | Yes | 103 (18.6%) | 20 (17.9%) | χ2 = 0.030 | P = 0.861 |
| No | 452 (81.4%) | 92 (82.1%) | |||
| Coffee drinking (n) | Yes | 102 (18.4%) | 14 (12.5%) | χ2 = 2.242 | P = 0.134 |
| No | 453 (81.6%) | 98 (87.5%) | |||
| ODI score | 31.74 ± 13.65 | 7.36 ± 3.32 | P < 0.01 | ||
| BAI score (n) | χ2 = 32.43 | P < 0.01 | |||
| No anxiety | 277 (49.9%) | 87 (77.7%) | |||
| Mild anxiety | 163 (29.4%) | 21 (18.7%) | |||
| Moderate anxiety | 105 (18.9%) | 4 (3.6%) | |||
| Severe anxiety | 10 (1.8%) | 0 (0%) | |||
| BDI score (n) | χ2 = 31.68 | P < 0.01 | |||
| Normal | 176 (31.7%) | 65 (58.0%) | |||
| Mild depression | 314 (56.6%) | 45 (40.2%) | |||
| Moderate depression | 63 (11.4%) | 2 (1.8%) | |||
| Severe depression | 2 (0.3%) | 0 (0%) | |||
| PSQI score (n) | |||||
| Subjective sleep quality | 1.28 ± 0.66 | 0.92 ± 0.63 | P < 0.01 | ||
| Sleep latency | 1.03 ± 0.77 | 0.76 ± 0.83 | P < 0.01 | ||
| Sleep duration | 0.97 ± 0.60 | 0.48 ± 0.64 | P < 0.01 | ||
| Sleep efficiency | 0.45 ± 0.53 | 0.27 ± 0.46 | P < 0.01 | ||
| Sleep disturbance | 1.19 ± 0.62 | 0.82 ± 0.60 | P < 0.01 | ||
| Use of sleep medication | 0.16 ± 0.38 | 0.04 ± 0.21 | P = 0.03 | ||
| Daytime dysfunction | 0.78 ± 0.68 | 0.35 ± 0.55 | P < 0.01 | ||
Notes.
Group A: patients with LBP; Group B: healthy control participants. Mean (SD).
*
p < 0.05.
**
p < 0.01.
Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI), Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), SF-36 form, Oswestry disability index (ODI), Beck anxiety inventory (BAI) and Beck depression inventory (BDI).