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. 2017 May 16;5:e3316. doi: 10.7717/peerj.3316

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© 2017 Dewaele et al.

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed. For attribution, the original author(s), title, publication source (PeerJ) and either DOI or URL of the article must be cited.

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Most parsimonious phylogenetic tree used to elucidate the phylogenetic relationships of Nanophoca vitulinoides among other genera of Phocinae. Time-calibration of nodes is performed using Higdon et al. (2007) and all corresponding time-calibrated nodes are indicated by a gray dot. The age ranges for extinct OTUs are expressed as a green bar over each relevant terminal branch; uncertainty regarding the upper age of Nanophoca vitulinoides is expressed as a light green bar. Bootstrap values exceeding 50% are indicated on the relevant branches. Geochronologic ages for the included specimens, whenever fossil or subfossil specimens have been documented: Allodesmus kernensis (Barnes, 1988), Cystophora cristata (Andreasen, 1997), Devinophoca claytoni (Koretsky & Holec, 2002), Devinophoca emryi (Koretsky & Rahmat, 2015), Enaliarctos mealsi (Mitchell & Tedford, 1973), Erignathus barbatus (West, 1980; Harington, 2008), Hadrokirus martini (Amson & Muizon, 2014), Halichoerus grypus (Repenning, 1983), Histriophoca fasciata (Repenning, 1983), Hydrurga leptonyx (Kellogg, 1922; Fleming, 1968), Kawas benegasorum (Cozzuol, 2001), Leptophoca proxima (Dewaele, Lambert & Louwye, 2017), Mirounga leonina (Avery & Klein, 2011), Monachus monachus (Stringer et al., 2008), Nanophoca vitulinoides (this study), Ommatophoca rossi (Fleming, 1968), Otaria byronia (Drehmer & Ribeiro, 1998), Pagophilus groenlandicus (Repenning, 1983), Phoca vitulina (Repenning, 1983), Piscophoca pacifica (Amson & Muizon, 2014), Praepusa vindobonensis (Koretsky, 2001), Pteronarctos goedertae (Berta, 1994), Pusa hispida (Repenning, 1983; Harington, 2008), and Thalassoleon mexicanus (Deméré & Berta, 2005).