Table 3. Synapomorphy list for Propalaeocastor.

Tree description were undertaken in PAUP* Version 4.0b10. The majority-rule consensus tree was rooted using outgroup method. Character-state optimization is done under Accelerated Transformation (ACCTRAN) model. The double arrow “==>” represents unambiguous changes, and the single arrow “−−>” represents ambiguous changes.

Character No.	Characters	CI	State changes
2	Upper P4 size relative to upper M1	0.200	Subequal	==>	Large
33	Upper P4 postmesofossette shape in metacone mass in medium wear stage	0.250	Transversely long valley	==>	Small enamel island-like fossa(e)
54	Upper P4 postcingulum buccal end fused with the metacone in moderate wear	0.333	Present, the metaflexus is closed	−−>	Absent, the metaflexus is open
55	Upper M1-2 postcingulum buccal end fused with the metacone in moderate wear	0.333	Present, the metaflexus is closed	−−>	Absent, the metaflexus is open
79	Lower p4 metastylid crest	0.250	Absent	==>	Present
106	Lower m1-2 metastylid crest	0.200	Absent	==>	Present
108	Lower m1-2 premesofossettid	0.250	Absent	==>	Present
122	Korth (2001) posterior palatine foramina in palatine-maxillary suture	0.250	No	−−>	Yes
145	Mandible, space between the lower tooth row and vertical ramus	0.143	Narrow	−−>	Broad