Table 4.
Behavior problems and long-term performance of academic achievement by gender.
| Variables | Externalizing behaviors |
Internalizing behaviors |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AP score |
LW score |
PC score |
AP score |
LW score |
PC score |
|
| b (95% CI) | b (95% CI) | b (95% CI) | b (95% CI) | b (95% CI) | b (95% CI) | |
| Behavior problems * male | 0.02 (−0.18, 0.23) | 0.25* (0.02, 0.48) | 0.20 (−0.02, 0.42) | −0.06 (−0.38, 0.27) | 0.31 (−0.09,0.70) | 0.15 (−0.19, 0.50) |
| Behavior problems * age * male | 0.00 (−0.01,0.01) | −0.00 (−0.01,0.01) | −0.01 (−0.02,0.01) | −0.00 (−0.01,0.01) | −0.00 (−0.02, 0.01) | −0.00 (−0.02, 0.01) |
| Number of children | 2028 | 2028 | 1960 | 2028 | 2028 | 1960 |
| Number of observations | 4119 | 4119 | 3.591 | 4119 | 4119 | 3.591 |
a. All three models are adjusted for the following covariates: (1) children’s race, gender, preterm birth, low birth weight, neonatal intensive care, and physical/mental limitation; (2) mother’s age, education, employment status, parental warmth, emotional support, and cognitive stimulation; and (3) household’s size, number of children, food stamp participation, Aid to Families with Dependent Children or Temporary Assistance for Needy Families participation, homeownership, household income, and state fixed effects. b. The analysis on the PC score has a smaller sample size since only children aged 6 or older can take this test.
*
p < 0.05.