Table 3. Total resource use and direct costs per person (last 90 days) for the entire population.
(int $) (unadjusted).
| Type | Cost ND | Cost DM | Cost Diff | P value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SE) | n | Mean (SE) | n | (ND-DM) | |||
|
Services provided by or at Hospital | |||||||
| Inpatient stays | 0.6 (0.5) | 6 | 4.52 (1.4) | 26 | +3.9 (1.4) | 0.008 | |
| ICU stays | 3.0 (0.9) | 3 | 9.8 (4.6) | 15 | +6.8 (4.3) | 0.109 | |
| Other hospital visits | 1.8 (0.4) | 149 | 14.8 (3.9) | 448 | +13.0 (0.9) | <0.001 | |
| Laboratory tests | 7.8 (2.5) | 113 | 42.1 (8.3) | 447 | +34.3 (1.7) | <0.001 | |
| Total | 11.5 (2.0) | 149 | 69.3 (15.9) | 448 | +57.8 (5.6) | <0.001 | |
|
Services provided outside hospitals | |||||||
| Specialist and primary care doctor visits | 0.2 (0.1) | 13 | 0.2 (0.1) | 22 | +0.002 (0.1) | 0.977 | |
| Others (community health worker, nurse, health educator, pharmacist) | 0.3 (0.1) | 14 | 0.4 (0.2) | 40 | +0.3 (0.1) | 0.004 | |
| Traditional practitioners | 1.39 (0.4) | 114 | 0.80 (0.6) | 60 | -0.60 (0.3) | 0.045 | |
| Total (excluding traditional practitioners) | 0.3 (0.1) | 26 | 0.6 (0.3) | 53 | +0.3 (1.1) | 0.020 | |
|
Direct non-medical costs | |||||||
| Travel costs | 0.2 (0.1) | 73 | 1.3 (2.1) | 74 | +1.2 (0.5) | 0.038 | |
| Paid caregiver | 0.2 (0.1) | 3 | 0.5 (0.2) | 7 | +0.3 (0.2) | 0.129 | |
| Total | 0.3 (0.2) | 75 | 1.8 (2.1) | 78 | +1.47 (0.6) | 0.013 | |
|
Medication |
3.6 (0.5) | 183 | 13.8 (2.3) | 441 | +10.2 (0.9) | <0.001 | |
|
Total direct costs |
23.4 (2.9) |
318 |
127.2 (6.4) |
488 |
+75.3 (3.9) |
<0.001 |
|
|
Indirect costs |
|||||||
| Productivity loss | 39.8 (9.2) | 90 | 101.5 (17.8) | 238 | +61.7 (7.3) | <0.001 | |
| Absenteeism | 18.7 (3.6) | 128 | 48.5 (7.6) | 219 | +29.8 (4.8) | <0.001 | |
| Productivity loss caregiver | 7.1 (3.4) | 32 | 36.7 (14.8) | 158 | +29.6 (3.1) | <0.001 | |
| Total | 65.65 (6.2) | 158 | 186.8 (9.5) | 316 | +121.2 (11.4) | <0.001 | |
|
Total costs |
88.7 (12.1) | 368 | 314.8 (45.9) | 491 | +226.1 (13.8) | <0.001 | |