Table 4. Impact of DM on direct and indirect costs (previous 90 days).

Results From Two-Part Model.

Characteristics	Services provided by or at Hospital		Services provided outside hospitals		Medication		Indirect costs
	Prob. of any Cost	Level of Cost*	Prob. of any Cost	Level of Cost	Prob. of any Cost	Level of Cost	Prob. of any Cost	Level of Cost
Intercept	-1.589***	2.342***	-1.230***	1.448***	-0.728***	1.602***	-0.932***	4.893***
DM
No	Reference
Yes	2.800***	1.316***	1.137***	1.708***	2.686***	0.550***	1.278***	0.434***
Age
< = 50	Reference
> 50	0.596**	0.112**	0.598**	0.009**	0.126**	0.138**	0.096*	-0.139*
Sex
Female	Reference
Male	0.180	0.037	0.233	0.265	0.312*	0.048	0.085*	0.236*
Level of education
Primary or lower	Reference
Secondary or higher	-0.034	0.153	-0.032	0.314	-0.385*	0.035	-0.031**	-0.196
Income	0.001	0.002**	0.001	-0.002**	0.001	0.001	-0.001**	0.001
Time with DM	3.048	0.225**	3.583	0.261**	0.191	0.090	-3.090	0.019
Communicable diseases
No	Reference
Yes	1.057***	0.285**	0. 578	0.474**	0.319*	0.016	0.369	-0.081
Interactions
Income X DM	0.001*	0.002	0.002***	0.002**	0.001	0.001	0.001***	0.001
Time with DM XDM	3.363*	0.220**	3.594	0.251**	0.169	0.081	3.082	0.001**
Adj R-squared/ Pseudo R2	0.360	0.313	0.326	0.289	0.330	0.168	0.083	0.067

*** Statistical significance at the 1-percent level.

** Statistical significance at the 5-percent level.

* Statistical significance at the 10-percent level.