Table 6.
Potential Moderators of Post-Encoding/Retrieval Stress Effects on Memory
| Moderator | B | df | p |
|---|---|---|---|
| Incidental or Intentional Encoding | −.435 | 4.3 | .146 |
| Exclusion of Smokers | NA | ||
| Exclusion of Women During Menstrual Period | .627 | 3.3 | .048 |
| Exclusion Hormonal Contraceptives Usage | .644 | 1.4 | .274 |
| Exclusion of All Illnesses | NA | ||
| Exclusion of All Psychoactive Medication | NA | ||
| Exclusion of BMI Greater Than 30 | NA | ||
| Use of an Immediate Recall Task Post-Encoding | .158 | 3.9 | .557 |
| Context Change Between Learning and Stress | −.046 | 1.8 | .823 |
| Context Change Between Learning and Retrieval | −.507 | 1.5 | .248 |
| Stress Manipulated Between or Within Groups | −.578 | 1.6 | .155 |
| Item Valence (Compared to Neutral) | |||
| Negative | −.018 | 1.6 | .938 |
| Positive | NA | ||
| Study Material Type | |||
| Pictures | NA | ||
| Words | −.195 | 5.1 | .452 |
| Narrative/Slideshow | NA | ||
| Autobiographical | .030 | 3.7 | .895 |
| Other | .165 | 1.6 | .731 |
| Sensory Modality of Study Material Presentation | |||
| Verbal | −.348 | 4.3 | .267 |
| Visual | .348 | 4.3 | .267 |
| Verbal + Visual | NA | ||
| Memory Task Type | |||
| Free Recall | −.216 | 5.8 | .450 |
| Cued Recall | NA | ||
| Recognition | .216 | 5.8 | .450 |
| Stressor Type | |||
| Socio-Evaluative | .152 | 4.7 | .479 |
| Pain | .049 | 1.4 | .669 |
| Hybrid (Socio-Evaluative & Pain) | NA | ||
| Other | −.403 | 1.3 | .246 |
| Participant Age | −.098 | 3.4 | .203 |
| Percent Male Participants | .003 | 4.1 | .697 |
| Time of Day Study Began | −.002 | 1.6 | .175 |
| Study Item List Length | .004 | 2.1 | .371 |
| Number of Novel Items in a Recognition Task | .026 | 1.0 | .569 |
| Delay (hours) Between Item Encoding and Retrieval | −.031 | 3.6 | .961 |
| Delay (min) Between Encoding and Stress Onset | −.021 | 1.9 | .459 |
| Delay (min) Between Stress Onset and Retrieval | .001 | 1.7 | .975 |
| Stressor Duration (min) | .008 | 4.8 | .584 |
| Stress-Induced Δ-Cortisol (nmol/L) | .100 | 2.4 | .222 |
| Length of Encoding Phase (min) | −.010 | 1.4 | .271 |
| Participant Homogeneity | .302 | 2.9 | .063 |
Note: Significant (p<.05) moderators are shown in boldface font. B represents the change in the effect size for every one-unit change in the moderator. For dummy-coded categorical variables, B represents the difference between estimated effects for each group; for contrast-coded categorical variables, B represents the difference between the group in question and the average estimated effect. If df < 4, there is a twofold greater risk of making a Type I error. The listed p value represents the significance of the moderator in question. When there were not enough studies to estimate an effect, NA is listed in the column for B.